It is the copy of my relevant article from a site on Yandex (uCoz).

"Riddle" of solar neutrinos from the point of view of the field theory elementary particles. Part 1.

Contents:

1 . Stream of solar neutrinos

2 . Neutrino oscillations

3 . Energy transferred by solar neutrinos

1 . Stream of solar neutrinos

According to the field theory of the fundamental particles of a neutrino (as well as any other fundamental particle with the nonzero size of a rest-mass) possesses a variation electromagnetic field from a constant component, i.e. the neutrino possesses:

• constant dipole electric field,

• constant dipole magnetic field,

• constant magnetic field of a moment of magnet

• variation electromagnetic field.

On the other hand according to a classical electrodynamics constant electric, magnetic and variation electromagnetic fields of different fundamental particles interact. This interaction will lead to an exchange of energy between the fundamental particles. From this it follows that when passing relativistic neutrinos (such as are radiated by our sun) through substance of Earth, the neutrino will lose gradually the kinetic energy and to be slowed down. This power loss is caused by interaction of electronic neutrinos with electrons of substance of Earth (see S. S. Gerstein of "A riddle of solar neutrinos").

Having lost the considerable proportion of the kinetic energy, the neutrino will be able unnoticed to pass through detectors as energies will be insufficiently for exercise in the reaction detector with neutrino participation. Reactions on detection of electronic neutrinos have a threshold amount of energy below which reaction it is impossible as it will contradict the law of conservation of energy. Thus, rather delayed neutrinos will pass unnoticed through detectors and other similar inventory on their filing.

Now we need to remember that filing of a neutrino happens continuously a method of accumulation and day and night. I.e. and when the sun shines from above, and the neutrino separates from the detector only earth kilometers and when the sun shines from the opposite side of a planet, and the neutrino should pass through all planets. And then we still are surprised why in experiments of GALLEX, SAGE and GNO it is possible to catch solar neutrinos twice smaller than has to be. – Look, what part of time of day the sun shines from above, and everything becomes clear.

To be convinced of it, we will look at a few figures.

Most sensing of the types of neutrino detectors created so far is the Gallic detector with a threshold amount of energy of 0.233 MEV. With its help experiments on filing of a stream of electronic neutrinos of GALLEX, SAGE (most the long-lived) and GNO were made. As a result of these experiments the following data are obtained:

• GALLEX (result during 1991-1997)...... 77.5 (SNU)

• SAGE (result during 1990-2010)...... 65.4 (SNU) with an accuracy of 6%.

• GNO (1998 - 2002) … …. 65.2

where SNU - solar neutrino unit.

And experiment of GNO was made in the same laboratory, as GALLEX. But its result coincided not with GALLEX experiment, and with SAGE experiment carried out in RHMDN OLVENA laboratories and GGNT BNO that gives the grounds to claim that data of experiment of SAGE are the most precise.

Thus, the stream of solar electronic neutrinos (SAGE measured by experiment and GNO confirmed with experiment) is equal 65.4(SNU) that makes 0.503 from value theoretically predicted by solar models 130±8(SNU). But the field theory of the fundamental particles, considering feature of operation of the Gallic detector, reduced for the last theoretical value twice and now it makes 65(SNU). When more sensing neutrino detectors will be developed (with lower threshold amount of energy), this number becomes another for these detectors (will be higher). And then it will be possible to find the "lost" solar electronic neutrinos. But for the Gallic detector it remains 65(SNU).

Thus: the deviation of the experimental value (65.4) from theoretical (65) makes 0,6%. It does not go beyond accuracy of experiment of SAGE (6%).

So, we dealt with a riddle of a trace amount of solar neutrinos. According to the field theory of the fundamental particles and feature of reaction of detection of electronic neutrinos, the Gallic neutrino detector will well catch those neutrinos which go from above (through the small thickness of the earth) and will be blind on the relation to many neutrinos passed through all planet. Thus, the result of experiment will depend, as on the district width where the neutrino detector is located, and from a season (when measurements were made).

Thus, becomes apparent that due to the lack of deficiency of solar electronic neutrinoes neutrino oscillations are not necessary to the nature.

2 . Neutrino oscillations

Without having managed to deal with unexpectedly small number of the solar neutrinos recorded on Earth, the new fairy tale under the name "neutrino oscillations" was composed. Its substance consists in the following: "the neutrino of any particular type at the driving in vacuum will periodically pass to a neutrino (or an antineutrino) other types and back". Well and as it is considered that in the nature there are three types of a neutrino, the reasonable explanation for observed deficiency of solar neutrinos turned out.

And now we will look at it from the point of view of the field theory of the fundamental particles.

• Tau-lepton is an excited state of a muon - therefore, the tau-neutrino actually is the first excited state of a muonic neutrino.

• Energy of the first excited state of a muonic neutrino it is considerable (several times) above an internal energy of a muonic neutrino – therefore, oscillations between a muonic neutrino and its first excited state will contradict the law of conservation of energy.

• The size of a rest-mass of a muonic neutrino considerably differs from the size of a rest-mass of an electronic neutrino (at these fundamental particles quantum numbers do not coincide) – therefore, oscillations between a muonic neutrino and an electronic neutrino will contradict the law of conservation of energy.

Thus, neutrino oscillations will go with violation of the law of conservation of energy, such unloved reference model and a quantum theory. This law allows not transformation, and disintegration of heavier muonic neutrino. At products of such disintegration there will be electronic neutrinos together with other rather mild fundamental particles. Besides, the law of conservation of energy allows other reactions of the elementary particles in the presence of a sufficient kinetic energy. But wonderful transformations of one elementary particle into others are from the world of fairy tales.

Neutrino oscillations contradict also to electrodynamics laws. The spontaneous transformation of any neutrino in an antineutrino is impossible as these particles have a counter sign of electric and magnetic fields. Reaction of their annihilation, as well as for any other particle antiparticle vapors is possible. Also the spontaneous transformation of a neutrino of one type in a neutrino of other type as they have different linear dimensions and also various structure of their electric and magnetic fields contradicts electrodynamics laws.

And now we will look that happens actually to neutrino transformations.

The electronic neutrino can turn into a muonic neutrino, but as a result of collision with other electronic neutrino in the presence of a sufficient kinetic energy. Such collisions can happen on the sun, and the invented oscillations here not and. Besides on the sun there will be collisions of a neutrino of different reactions as a result of which particles will exchange also energies – neutrinos of higher energies will transfer part of the energy to other neutrinos.

The muonic neutrino as heavier (than an electronic neutrino) is an unstable fundamental particle and after a lifetime it will break up (most likely on one of the following channels of disintegration):

• in an electronic neutrino steam plus electronic neutrino antineutrino

• in an electronic neutrino plus of steam of photons.

The first excited state of a muonic neutrino is even more short-lived condition, than a muonic neutrino as it has even more opportunities for transition to conditions with lower energy. As a result of these transformations at the exit we will receive some number of electronic neutrinos.

Thus, to our planet as a result of neutrino reactions even more electronic neutrinos will reach. As we see, "neutrino oscillations" as a spontaneous transformation (of one neutrinos in others neutrinos) are the next fairy tale.

3 . Energy transferred by solar neutrinos

The stream of solar neutrinos through a surface of our planet is estimated today by physics as 0.66×10¹¹ a neutrino / (cm² × c).

The kinetic energy transferred by a neutrino depends on reaction in which it was formed:

p⁺ + p⁺ → ²Н + e⁺ + ν_e - 0.4202 MEV (1)

p⁺ + е^– + p⁺ → ²Н + ν_е - 1,4422 MEV (fix) (2)

e^- + ⁷Be → ⁷Li + ν_e - 0.862 MEV (fix) (3)

³He + p⁺ → ⁴He + e⁺ + ν_e - 18.77 MEV (4)

plus β⁺ disintegrations:

¹³N → ¹³C + e⁺ + ν_e - 1.198 MEV (5)

¹⁵O → ¹⁵N + e⁺ + ν_e - 1.732 MEV (6)

¹⁷F → ¹⁷O + e⁺ + ν_e - 1.738 MEV (7)

⁸B → ⁸Be + e⁺ + ν_e - 16.957(14.06?) MEV (8)

where it is specified maximal (or fixed) energy which is carried away by an electronic neutrino.

Fig. 1. The calculated range of solar electronic neutrinos

As we see, the majority makes a neutrino of the first reaction (1). To participants of experiment of Borexino, it was succeeded to register traces of the second reaction - having processed the data collected for two and a half years, they reported that they managed to register solar neutrinos with energy in the range of 1,0-1,5 MEV.

Well and as an overwhelming majority (> 91%) make a neutrino of the first reaction - we will consider only a neutrino of the first reaction.

Most sensing of the types of neutrino detectors created so far is the Gallic detector. Its threshold amount of energy makes 0,233 Mev. On the basis of this detector within 5 years Gallic experiment of "GALLEX" was made. To protect the detector from hindrances of space radiation, it was placed on depth of 3 300 m at the foot of a hill in Italy, in Gran Sass (to the east of Rome). As a result of this experiment about 50% from the stream of solar neutrinos predicted by solar models were registered. Well and as the average duration of light time of day when detectors can catch solar neutrinos, is equal to 12 clocks, we receive that the experimental data will be coordinated with the first section of this article.

But this experiment allows drawing still some conclusions. In order that neutrinos became invisible to the Gallic detector, it is necessary that when passing through substance of Earth they lowered the kinetic energy to level lower than 0,233 MEV. From here it is possible to make the conclusion that when passing through our planet at the width of Rome of a neutrino loses part of the kinetic energy (if to consider possible power loss of a neutrino at their driving through the sun, smaller size) will turn out. As a result it is possible to count percent of energy of the first reaction lost by solar neutrinos at their passing through 1 km of substance of Earth.

Average radius of our planet (r) makes 6371 km, the width of Rome - 41 ° 52', from here it is possible to define the maximal distance passed by solar neutrinos through substance of Earth:

l=2×6371×cos (41 ° 52') =12742×0.74466=9487.5 km. (5)

The average distance will be approximately twice less and will make approximately km l=4744.

Now we can estimate percent of energy lost by a solar neutrino when passing through substance of our planet.

Let when passing through 1 km of substance of a planet of a neutrino on the average loses some part of the kinetic energy,

E₁ = E₀ / (1 + α_med) (6)

where E₀ – average initial energy at an entrance of a neutrino to substance of a planet, E₁ – average energy after passing of 1 km of substance of a planet, α_med - parameter defining power loss by solar neutrinos.

Having passed l of kilometers through substance of a planet, the neutrino will lose more energy, and new energy of a neutrino will be equal:

E_l = E₀ / (1 + α_med) l (7)

Average energy of solar neutrinos of the first reaction (E₀) corresponds to a maximum in a range (fig. 1) – 0.3 MEV.

And now knowing E₀=0.3 of MEV, El=0.233 MEV and l can solve an inverse problem and to define α_med. As a result we will receive:

α_med = 0,00005328.

I.e. when passing through 1 km of substance the solar neutrino of the first reaction loses on the average not less than 0,005352% of the kinetic energy. This size very small and therefore remained unnoticed, but our planet rather larger and for what – we will see soon.

For a start we will look, how many the kinetic energy loses a solar neutrino of the first reaction when passing through Earth middle. In this case l will be to equally doubled radius of our planet 12742км, and

1/ (1-α_med) l = 1 / (1 - 0,00005328)12742 =0,5145 (8)

As a result the solar neutrino of the first reaction when passing through the middle of Earth will lose not less than 48.5% of the kinetic energy that there correspond 0.1457 MEV.

Let's multiply a neutrino stream with their loss energy; we will receive an energy flux density passing through the center of a surface of our planet and remained in it not less:

0.66×10¹¹ neutrino / (cm² × c) × 0.1457×10⁶ev = 0.9616×10¹⁶ev / (cm2 × c) = 0,154×10^-2W/cm² = 15,4 W/m² (9)

For comparison fluency of sunlight makes 1360 W/m2. In spite of the fact that the energy transferred by a neutrino of the first reaction is about 100 times less than energy of sunlight and its influence on surface temperature of a planet can be neglected, this energy constantly warms the interior of our planet and it is necessary to reckon with this warming up.

Now we can estimate the complete stream of energy of solar neutrinos of the first reaction. Certainly, it is possible to take a definite integral and by means of the COMPUTER precisely to count it, but it is possible and is simple to take the maximal value to divide it into two (for obtaining mean value). And then to increase by the circle square with a radius is equal to average radius of Earth. As a result we will receive the following approximate value:

½ ×15.4 W/m² ×πr² = 7.7 × 3.14159 × 6371000² = 9.81872 × 10¹⁴ W. (10)

Average fluency of entering energy will be

9.81873 × 10¹⁴ W / (4 πr²) = 1.925 W/m² (11)

The complete stream of neutrino energy passable through Earth, will be:

0.3 MEV/neutrino × 3.14159 ×6371000² m² × 0.66×10¹⁵ a neutrino / (m² × c) = 0.25248 ×10²⁹ MEV / with = 4.045 ×10¹⁵ W. (12)

As we see, when passing through Earth, a neutrino loses not less than 24% of the kinetic energy. But not less is does not mean equally.

Let's look from the point of view of physics that will happen gradually to the cooled-down planet of the sizes as at Earth and placed at the same distance from the sun, little billions years ago.

• At first the planet surface up to some average temperature will quickly get warm.

• Heat from a surface gradually will get inside, thus the surface of a planet will continue to heat up already sluggishly.

• Then temperature in a planet will reach average temperature on its surface and further will sluggishly increase, warmed by neutrino energy.

  • Then temperature in the center of a planet will reach level at which melting of low-melting substances will begin and process of transformation of a planet will be accelerated.

• Then on the one hand the fusion zone of low-melting substances will extend, and in the planet center temperature will grow to level of melting of other breeds.

• The fusion zone will increase gradually, process of movement of heavier breeds closer to the planet center will begin. This process will be the long-lived.

• Then, when the fusion zone will come nearer to a surface of a planet and it will need to overcome bark thickness some tens kilometers, the vigorous volcanic activity and motions of bark of a planet will begin. As a result of it the exit of an internal energy to a surface of a planet and its warming up will sharply increase.

• Gradually the planet will dump the excess energy saved up inside and will pass to more moderate course. Surface temperature of a planet will smoothly go down, there will be eruptions of volcanoes and the earthquakes dumping excess energy.

• After a while average surface temperature of a planet is stabilized. There will be eruptions of volcanoes and an earthquake. The planet can be in such condition as much as long while with a row constantly with former activity the Sun shines.

In more detail and it can precisely describe mathematical models of Earth after their corresponding correction. It should be noted that this process depends on the planet sizes. With decrease of the sizes of a planet absorbed neutrino energy will decrease, and conditions for heat removal from the center of a planet will improve - thickness of bark of a planet as a result will increase and its tectonic activity will decrease, and volcanic activity in general can stop. Well and with an approximation to the Sun both streams of energy both light, and neutrino with all that it implies (temperature body height on surfaces, increase of volcanic activity, etc.) will increase.

Let's return to our planet. Average fluency of entering energy is equal 1.925 W/m2 therefore it was possible to expect, as the average density of thermal energy leaving a planet same. But by estimates of models of Earth the heat flux going from Earth several times less. If data of models of Earth are exact, there is a question: what did we do not consider?

• First of all, the degree of approximation of calculations and also not the accounting of dependence α_med from a kinetic energy of a neutrino and inhomogeneity of substance of a planet takes place. Therefore the calculations given here should be considered as a preliminary estimate.

• When passing through substance of the Sun, a neutrino (also as well as on Earth) has to lose some part of the kinetic energy. The size of these losses while is not established by physics.

• When driving from the Sun of a neutrino can spend some part of the kinetic energy for destruction of the met connections of a molecular neutrino.

• The part of energy will leave Earth together with thermal waters.

• But most important: the part of energy entering in Earth will collect while it will not be able to escape in the form of eruptions of volcanoes, earthquakes, change of a surface of a planet and tectonic activity.

As we see, except disintegrations of long-lived radioactive isotopes (a potassium-40, uranium-238, uranium-235 and thorium-232) to which the part of almost single sources of internal heat of Earth earlier was assigned, there is one more considerable energy source - the Sun. And all statements about pervasive ability of a neutrino - are inexact. It is not necessary to put equality sign between reactions with participation of a neutrino and their interactions are different concepts.

Let's sum up: according to the field theory of the fundamental particles, one of natural energy sources of earthquakes, volcanic activity, geothermal activity, a heat flux, coming from Earth subsoil, the stream of a kinetic energy of the solar electronic neutrinos, resulting thermonuclear reactions to the Sun and passing through our planet is.

Vladimir Gorunovich

3.03.2013

"Riddle" of solar neutrinos from the point of view of the field theory elementary particles. Part 2.

Contents:

4. Range of solar electronic neutrinos

5. Electric fields of electronic neutrinos and their interaction

4. Range of solar electronic neutrinos

In the first part of article it was established that the size of the complete stream of solar electronic neutrinos of SAGE measured in neutrino experiments (most the long-lived) and GNO will be coordinated with reference solar model. There is the following question: and as affairs with a range are.

In Homestake experiment under the leadership of R. Davis with use chlorine - the argon detector with a threshold amount of energy of 0.814 MEV was measured a stream of solar electronic neutrinos equal 2.56 SNU (where by SNU - reference solar unit in neutrino astronomy).

Let's look that had to receive as a result of experiment. For this purpose again we will consider the range of solar electronic neutrinos calculated by John Bahcall and Pinsonneaul (Fig. 2).