Cystotomy.

Cystotomy is a surgical procedure involving incision into the urinary bladder to extract uroliths(urinary calculi). The patient was admitted into the hospital with the history of discomfort and unability to urinate for couple of days. When x-ray  and ultrasound was performed, the doctors diagnosed the cause of the condition as urinary obstruction by an urolith. 

Prior to surgery, the was prepared by shaving,disinfecting and positioning on ventral recumbency. Intubation and gaseous anesthesia was connected. A ventral incision was made caudal to the umbilicus and the urinay baldder was carefully identified. After the identification, the urinary bladder was exteriorized and a ventral incision was made on the bladder by avoiding major blood vessels. 

The calculi was carefully extracted and the bladder was flushed with normal saline to remove the residuals. The bladder is inspected for bleeding and residuals and sutured using absorbable suture material in two layers, firstly applied a simple continuous suture pattern followed by lambert. The abdominal cavity was then closed in layers; linea alba,subcutaneous tissue and skin. 

Post-operative therapy includes administration of NSAIDs and antibiotcics. Early diagnosis, proper surgical intervention, complete stone removal and post-operative monitoring are crucial for the restoration of normal urinary function.