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convicted were only available for Kuwait, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates, where the majority of trafficking offenders were men. As for the citizenship profiles of the traffickers, the data show that the vast majority of those convicted of trafficking in this subregion are foreigners (90 per cent). Compared to the other areas, this is the largest share of foreign traffickers convicted. Most of the offenders are citizens of other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, or from Asian countries (including Central Asia). Trafficking flows affecting North Africa and the Middle East In line with the results for the profiles of the victims and the forms of exploitation, the two areas that comprise this subregion are also dissimilar in terms of trafficking flows. North African countries mainly detect domestic trafficking. More than 8 in 10 victims detected in North Africa in 2016 were trafficked domestically. Victims from North Africa are, to some extent, also trafficked to the richer parts of the Middle East and to Western and Southern Europe. Furthermore, West African countries are reporting own citizens trafficked and repatriated from North African countries; especially, but not only, from Libya. In this context, there is a relation between the trafficking flows and the migrant smuggling flows towards North Africa (and Southern Europe). Countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council of the Middle East rarely report victims of domestic trafficking.

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