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some convictions. In some other countries, no convictions were recorded or no information was available. These countries recorded by far the lowest conviction rates compared to other regions of the world. At the same time, countries in sub-Saharan Africa also record very few vicMap 19 Destinations for trafficking flows from sub-Saharan Africa, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Eastern Europe and Central Asia East Asia and the Pacific North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa 20% Western and Southern Europe 99% North America 11% Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Flows: victims repatriated from destination countries Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Share of victims from Sub-Saharan Africa detected at destinations. Fig. 138 Shares of victims from countries in sub-Saharan Africa detected in Western and Southern Europe and in North Africa and the Middle East, 2010-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 2010 2012 2014 2016 to Western and Southern Europe to North Africa and the Middle East GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 83 17/12/2018 19:49:30 84 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 tims per 100,000 people. The limited number of convictions vis-à-vis the variety of destinations and the number of victims originating from these countries show their limited capacity to detect trafficking cases. Map 20 Origins of trafficking victims detected in sub-Saharan Africa, by subregion, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. West Africa Domestic (within countries) 79% and within the subregion (cross-border) 20% 99% Flows: detected victims in destination countries Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries East Africa Domestic (within countries) 46% and within the subregion (cross-border) 44% Domestic (within countries) 42% and within the subregion (cross-border) 20% Southern Africa West Africa 90% 7% (cross-border) Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Southern Africa Domestic (within countries) 42% and within the subregion (cross-border) 20% East Africa West Africa 62% 31% Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Fig. 140 Number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. No information 6 6 8 11-50 convictions 5 1-10 convictions No convictions recorded Fig. 139 Trend in the number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 2 11 24 29 33 36 41 32 19 14 10 7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Aug-14 Aug-16 Aug-18 Most/all forms No or partial offence GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 84 17/12/2018 19:49:31 85 North Africa and the Middle East II Fig. 141 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. The Americas North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST22 Profile of the victims In this region, adults comprised the vast majority (86 per cent) of the detected victims in 2016, with slightly more women than men. Relatively few child victims were detected, and contrary to what is reported in many other regions, in this region, boys outnumber girls by some distance. The majority of child victims were detected in North Africa, whereas in the Middle East, including the 22 This subregion includes 13 countries and comprises North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia) and the countries in the Middle East (Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates). Fig. 142 Share of detected victims of trafficking in North Africa and the Middle East, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 566 victims detected in 11 countries in North Africa and the Middle East. 40% 46% 4% 10% North Africa and Middle East 24% 32% 11% 33% North Africa 47% 52% 1% 0% The Middle East Fig. 143 Share of detected victims of trafficking in North Africa* and in the Middle East**, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. ** Based on data on sex and age of 144 victims detected in four countries in North Africa. ** Based on data on sex and age of 422 victims detected in seven countries in the Middle East. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 85 17/12/2018 19:49:31 86 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, almost all the detected victims were adults. Forms of exploitation During the reporting period of 2014-2016, trafficking for the purpose of forced labour was more commonly detected than trafficking for sexual exploitation in this subregion. More than half of the detected victims had been trafficked for forced labour, 36 per cent for sexual exploitation, and some 9 per cent for ‘other’ forms of exploitation. The detected types of exploitation differ significantly, however, in the different areas. In North Africa, more victims are trafficked for forced begging, for sexual exploitation, and for organ removal. In the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, two thirds of the victims are trafficked for forced labour, with the rest trafficked for sexual exploitation. In the other parts of the Middle East, sexual exploitation and forced labour are detected in near-equal proportions. Based on information from five countries in the subregion, females comprise most of the victims trafficked for sexual exploitation, and some one third of the victims trafficked for forced labour. Compared to other regions, North Africa and the Middle East reported the largest number of victims trafficked for the purpose of organ removal. Most of these victims were men, and to lesser extent, women. Profile of the offenders In North Africa and the Middle East, a large majority of the traffickers are men. Data on the sex of persons prosecuted for trafficking were available for eight countries in the subregion, covering some 220 persons prosecuted in 2016. Two thirds (66 per cent) were men. The sex profiles Fig. 144 Share of detected victims of trafficking in North Africa and the Middle East, by forms of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on forms of exploitation of 402 victims detected in 10 countries in North Africa and the Middle East Trafficking for other purposes 36% 9% 55% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Fig. 147 Share of traffickers convicted in North Africa and the Middle East, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. National offenders 55% 10% Foreigners - North Africa and the Middle East 34% 1% Sub-Saharan Africa South and East Asia Fig. 145 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in North Africa and the Middle East, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 9 countries (n=234) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 146 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in North Africa and the Middle East, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 8 countries (n=220) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 66% 34% 66% 34% GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 86 17/12/2018 19:49:32 87 North Africa and the Middle East II of persons