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Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaijan Armenia Belarus Georgia Kyrgyzstan Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Indonesia Japan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam NORTH AMERICA Canada Mexico United States of America CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Honduras Grenada Guatemala Jamaica Panama Trinidad and Tobago SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Central African Republic Côte d’Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Senegal South Africa Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Algeria Bahrain Egypt Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Morocco Oman Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 18 17/12/2018 19:49:08 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Lichtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Montenegro Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaijan Armenia Belarus Georgia Kyrgyzstan Republic of Moldova Russian Federation Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Indonesia Japan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Viet Nam NORTH AMERICA Canada Mexico United States of America CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Honduras Grenada Guatemala Jamaica Panama Trinidad and Tobago SOUTH AMERICA Argentina Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Central African Republic Côte d’Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Senegal South Africa Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Zambia NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST Algeria Bahrain Egypt Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Morocco Oman Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 19 17/12/2018 19:49:09 GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 20 17/12/2018 19:49:09 21 CHAPTER I GLOBAL OVERVIEW More victims detected More victims of trafficking in persons were reported to UNODC in 2016 than at any time over the past 13 years.1 The increased number of detected victims collected by UNODC is the result of the broader geographical coverage of the data collection for the last two editions of the Global Report. More countries are now in a position to report their national data on trafficking in persons to UNODC. At the same time, the average number of detected victims per country has also increased over the last few years. A more detailed trend analysis shows that in 2016, about 40 per cent more victims were detected compared to 2011.2 While this is true on aggregate, not all the countries considered recorded similar trends. From a regional perspective, many countries in the Americas and Asia have 1 UNODC has gathered data on victims of trafficking in persons detected since 2003, the year of entry into force of the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol (supplementing the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime). Over this period, UNODC has collected information on about 225,000 victims of trafficking detected worldwide. In 2016, a peak of more than 24,000 detected victims was recorded. reported drastic increases in detections. Meanwhile, over the period considered, most European and African countries detected a stable number of victims of trafficking. Increased numbers of victims detected may indicate that more trafficking is taking place or, rather, that countries make use of more efficient tools and procedures to identify trafficking victims. While severity is difficult to measure, an assessment of the evolution of national anti-trafficking responses could shed light on the drivers of these rising numbers.2 UNODC carried a detailed country-by-country analysis of the national measures implemented by the countries detecting more victims over a 13-year period. The exact measures vary between countries, but in general, they include the creation or revision of relevant legislation, the adoption of national action plans on trafficking in persons, strengthening of investigative and/or prosecutorial coordination and capacity, classification of trafficking 2 A trend analysis was carried out on data from 45 countries; selected for having systematically reported the number of detected victims over the last ten years. The trends were established by comparing with the absolute numbers recorded by the countries in 2007. The reference year 2007 was selected as the year where a critical mass of countries started to consistently report numbers of detected trafficking victims. Fig. 1 Trends in the total number of detected trafficking victims, average number of detected victims per country and number of reporting countries, by year, 2003-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 196 168 192 215 203 163 181 150 170 179 216 198 238 254 50 100 150 200 250 300 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Average number of detected victims per country reporting to UNODC Total number of detected victims reported to UNODC 39 Number of countries covered Percentage of world population 58 68 71 62 79 85 93 81 87 80 100 104 97 23 32 36 38 40 35 39 43 35 45 44 50 51 47 GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 21 17/12/2018 19:49:09 22 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Fig. 2 Trends in the number of trafficking victims detected since 2007, globally and by region, 2007-2016 Analysis based on 45 countries where data have been systematically available since 2007 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 3 Trends in detected victims of trafficking in persons and timing of introduction of selected anti–trafficking in persons (TiP) measures in Nepal and Paraguay, 2003-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 4 Trends in detected victims of trafficking in persons and timing of introduction of selected anti–trafficking in persons (TiP) measures in Denmark, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates, 2006-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. as a grave criminal offence or measures to identify, protect and support victims of trafficking. For many of the countries that recorded increasing trends, some of the institutional responses could be related to the increase. In particular, most of the increases coincided with or followed shortly after one or more of these antitrafficking measures were introduced.3 In other cases, such a link could not be established. An increase in the number of victim detections could also reflect an actual increase in the severity of trafficking in persons, especially in countries where anti-trafficking institutions and legal framework have been in place for a long time. What emerged from the analysis, however, is that when countries did not enhance their anti-trafficking actions, the number of