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South-West Asia) are also detected in many parts of Western and Southern Europe. They account for about 5 per cent of the total detected victims in this subregion. Victims are trafficked from most South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Fig. 56 Trends in share of trafficking victims detected in Western and Southern Europe, by major areas of origin, 2009-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Map 8 Share of trafficking victims detected in Western and Southern Europe, by major areas of origin, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the citizenship of 3225 detected victims detected in 18 countries in Western and Southern Europe. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Central and South-Eastern Europe Domestic (within countries) 23% and within the subregion (cross-border) 2% South America Western and Southern Europe East Asia and the Pacific Eastern Europe and Central Asia Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries 25% North Africa and the Middle East 33% 9% South Asia East Africa 16% West Africa 5% 5% Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 23% 17% 20% 25% 35% 40% 47% 33% 19% 18% 16% 20% 7% 7% 7% 9% 16% 18% 10% 13% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2009 2012 2014 2016 Other regions East Asia and the Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Central and South-Eastern Europe Domestic and subregional Pakistan, and to a limited extent also from Nepal and Sri Lanka. Victims from Afghanistan have been detected in the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 54 17/12/2018 19:49:21 55 Western and Southern Europe II In recent years, victims from Eastern Europe and Central Asia have been increasingly detected in Western and Southern Europe. Victims of other Eastern European and Central Asian citizenships are mainly reported in Turkey. Victims from the Americas are less frequently detected than in the past. Currently, this trafficking flow appears to be very limited. Criminalizing trafficking in persons Most of the countries of Western and Southern Europe introduced the specific offence of trafficking in persons after the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol entered into force in December 2003. By November 2008, most of these countries had legislation criminalizing trafficking in persons as defined in the Protocol. Fig. 57 Trend in the number of countries in Western and Southern Europe introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 58 Number of countries in Western and Southern Europe, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 6 21 23 23 24 18 3 1 1 0 5 10 15 20 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Aug-14 Aug-16 Most/all forms No or partial offence No information 5 2 10 11-50 convictions More than 50 convictions 2 3 1-10 convictions No convictions recorded Fig. 59 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific The Americas Africa and the Middle East Western and Southern Europe Central and SouthEastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 55 17/12/2018 19:49:21 56 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Also in this subregion - as for Western and Southern Europe as well as globally - a reduction in the share of detected victims who were trafficked for forced labour can be observed compared to the victims detected in 2014 (from 23 to 17 per cent). For sexual exploitation, there appears to have been an increase, from 65 to 70 per cent over the same period. The vast majority of detected victims who have been trafficked for sexual exploitation in this subregion continue The majority of the countries in this subregion recorded a number of convictions between 11 and 50, while five countries recorded more than 50 per year in any of the years considered (2014-2017). No convictions were recorded in small Western European city states/ countries. The number of convictions per capita also shows a more decisive criminal justice response than in most other regions of the world. The conviction rate recorded in Western and Southern Europe is higher than rates recorded in East and South Asia, Africa and the Middle East and the Americas, and lower than those recorded in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The number of detected victims per 100,000 people is among the highest in the world, at the same level of detection rates recorded in North America. CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE12 Profile of the victims Countries in this subregion detect fewer male victims than the global average. About 4 in 5 detected trafficking victims were females in 2016. However, some countries (Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia) reported more or less the same number of women and men among the detected victims. In terms of trends, compared to 2014, it appears that the share of detected child victims in Central and South-Eastern Europe – particularly girls – is increasing, whereas the share of men is decreasing. Some countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary and Romania) reported having detected more child victims than adults in the period considered. In a longer-term perspective, going back to 2014, there has been a significant reduction in the shares of men among detected victims in this subregion, while there are increased shares of child victims. Forms of exploitation In Central and South-Eastern Europe, 70 per cent of the total detected victims are trafficked for sexual exploitation. One third of the victims are trafficked for forced labour or for ‘other’ purposes. 12 This subregion consists of the following countries: Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia (Central Europe) and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (South-Eastern Europe). Fig. 60 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Central and South-Eastern Europe*, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of more than 1,900 victims of trafficking in persons detected in 15 countries in Central and SouthEastern Europe. Fig. 61 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by forms of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the form of exploitation for 1,382 victims of trafficking in persons detected in 14 countries in Central and SouthEastern Europe 15% 51% 29% 5% Central and South Eastern Europe Trafficking for other purposes 70% 13% 17% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Central Europe and the Balkans GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 56 17/12/2018 19:49:22 57 Central and South-Eastern Europe II Fig. 64 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 13 countries (n=840) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 65 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 12 countries (n=764) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 63 Share of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by age group and sex of the victims, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=930 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. to be females. This number mostly comprises women, but Hungary reported detecting more girls as victims of this form of trafficking. Males are detected in far smaller numbers. However, boys tend to be trafficked for sexual exploitation more than men. Trafficking for forced labour mainly affects men. However, the percentage of female victims - largely women - is relatively high, amounting to about 43 per cent of victims of this form of trafficking. As for forms of trafficking different from sexual exploitation or forced labour, five victims of trafficking for the purpose of organ removal were reported