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Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone), East Africa (Djibouti, Kenya, Mauritius, Rwanda, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania) and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia). the victims detected in 2016 were children, in near equal shares of boys and girls. However, analysing the data by geographical areas shows that child trafficking is far more commonly detected in West Africa than in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. East African countries detect larger shares of adults, nearly equally split between men and women. On the other hand, countries in Southern Africa tend to detect more women, as well as men and boys in similar numbers. Girls are rarely detected in East and Southern Africa, whereas in West Africa, they are the most frequently detected victim profile. Countries in West Africa tend to detect far more victims than other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. As a conseFig. 129 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Africa and the Middle East South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific Central America and the Caribbean North America Europe and Central Asia 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people South America 16% 29% 30% 25% Sub-Saharan Africa Fig. 130 Share of detected victims of trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 2,863 victims detected in 26 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 80 17/12/2018 19:49:30 81 Sub-Saharan Africa II quence, regional analyses regarding the profiles of victims largely reflect data from this subregion. Forms of exploitation Most of the victims detected in sub-Saharan Africa in 2016 were trafficked for forced labour (63 per cent). Trafficking for sexual exploitation accounted for less than one third of the detected victims. This is similar to findings from previous years. In spite of differing capacities to detect, record, and report victims, the proportions of the different forms of exploitation remain largely the same in West, East and Southern Africa, with a predominance of victims of trafficking for forced labour. Only four countries, two in West Africa and two in East Africa, reported age and sex-disaggregated data on victims by forms of trafficking. These countries all reported large shares of victims of trafficking for the purpose of forced labour. Most of these victims were females, especially girls. Nigeria reported a particularly large number of girl victims, whereas Kenya reported many victims who were men. The second largest group of victims was trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation, predominantly women. Profile of the offenders21 In line with the global pattern, most traffickers are male, but compared to other regions, larger shares of female offenders continue to be reported in sub-Saharan Africa. Most countries reported more male offenders than females. However, Mauritius reported that more females than males were prosecuted. In Côte d’Ivoire, nearly half of all those convicted of trafficking were females. Meanwhile in Kenya and South Africa, equal shares of males and females were convicted. Data on the citizenships of the persons convicted of trafficking show that most are citizens of the country where 21 Investigations: 743 persons investigated in 10 countries; prosecutions: 183 persons prosecuted in eight countries; convictions: 70 persons convicted in seven countries. Fig. 131 Numbers of detected victims of trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa, by age group, sex and subregion, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. * Based on data on sex and age on victims detected in 13 countries in West Africa, 6 countries in East Africa, 7 countries in Southern Africa. 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 West Africa East Africa Southern Africa Men Women Boys Girls Fig. 132 Share of detected victims of trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa, by forms of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on forms of exploitation of 3,521 victims detected in 22 countries in Sub-Sahara Africa. Trafficking for other purposes 31% 5% 63% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Central America and the Caribbean Fig. 133 Number of detected victims of trafficking in sub-Saharan Africa, by forms of exploitation and subregion, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 West Africa East Africa Southern Africa Trafficking for sexual exploitation Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for organ removal Trafficking for other purposes GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 81 17/12/2018 19:49:30 82 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 84% National offenders Foreigners - Sub-Saharan Africa 15% 1% South Asia Fig. 137 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in sub-Saharan Africa, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. they were convicted. For the more than 180 people who were convicted in 13 different countries in sub-Saharan Africa in 2016, 84 per cent were citizens of these countries, while 16 per cent were foreigners. The foreign traffickers were mainly citizens of other countries in the subregion. Trafficking flows affecting sub-Saharan Africa During the reporting period, victims from sub-Saharan Africa were detected in, or repatriated from more than 60 countries within and outside of Africa. This makes subSaharan Africa a relevant origin for detected cases of trafficking in persons globally. Victims from West Africa are frequently detected in Western and Southern Europe, comprising some 15 per cent of the victims detected there. Countries in North Africa also report detecting victims from West Africa. In the Middle East, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council detect victims from both West and East Africa. A less intense flow is directed from subSaharan Africa to North America, and repatriation data reveals trafficking flows from different parts of Africa towards East Asia and Eastern Europe. The relevance of these trafficking flows seems to have remained relatively constant since 2010, with some variations according to destination. Detections of victims from sub-Saharan Africa in North Africa and the Middle East have decreased since 2010, while there were increases reported in countries in Western and Southern Europe in 2016. Most of the victims detected in sub-Saharan Africa are citizens of sub-Saharan African countries. Fig. 134 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=743) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 135 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 8 countries (n=183) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 136 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in sub-Saharan Africa, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 7 countries (n=70) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 52% 48% 61% 39% 63% 37% GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 82 17/12/2018 19:49:30 83 Sub-Saharan Africa II Moreover, victims are normally trafficked within the same geographical area. West African countries mainly detect West African victims, trafficked either domestically or from neighbouring countries. Trafficking flows in West Africa appear to criss-cross the area; there are no specific origin or destination countries that dominate detections. The pattern in East Africa is similar: countries mainly report victims of domestic trafficking or victims trafficked from neighbouring countries. East African countries also detect trafficking victims from neighbouring countries in Southern Africa. In Southern Africa, in addition to victims trafficked domestically and from neighbouring countries, victims from East Asia and South Asia are also detected. Criminalizing trafficking in persons Among the countries assessed, five countries in sub-Saharan Africa continue to have legislation that criminalizes trafficking in persons only regarding child victims, while two countries have no specific offence addressing this crime. Most of the countries introduced a specific offence in line with the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition after 2009. Not a single country among those where the criminal justice response was assessed recorded more than 50 convictions in any of the years considered (2014-2017). Most countries recorded