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Western and Southern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia 99% The Middle East East Asia and the Pacific Central and South-Eastern Europe 39% Share of victims from Eastern Europe and Central Asia detected at destinations. Fig. 82 Trend of countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2012 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 6 11 12 6 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Most/all forms No or partial offence GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 63 17/12/2018 19:49:24 64 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Most countries in the region recorded numbers of convictions between 11 and 50 or above in any of the years considered (2014-2017). SOUTH ASIA14 Profile of the victims Based on the limited information available for Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal and Pakistan, female victims in this subregion account for 59 per cent of the total detected vic14 This subregion includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. tims. Detections of boys are limited. Overall, almost equal proportions of men, women and children is detected. Among the detected trafficking victims in 2016, 37 per cent are men. Nepal reports more child victims than adults. Forms of exploitation There is scarce information on the forms of exploitation for trafficking cases detected in South Asia. Only a few countries – Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka - reported about forms of exploitation. Based on this scarce information, it appears that trafficking for sexual exploitation and trafficking for forced labour are nearly equally detected in the subregion. No information 1 3 7 11-50 convictions More than 50 convictions 3 1-10 convictions Fig. 83 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent). Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 37% 32% 27% 4% South Asia Western and Southern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific The Americas 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people Central and South-Eastern Europe Africa and the Middle East Fig. 84 Number of countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 85 Share of detected victims of trafficking in South Asia*, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the age and sex profile of 1,099 victims of trafficking detected in four countries. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 64 17/12/2018 19:49:24 65 South Asia II Fig. 88 Share of persons arrested for trafficking in persons in Nepal (2016) and Sri Lanka (2017), by sex Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Profile of the offenders There is no available information regarding the sex profiles of the people prosecuted or convicted of trafficking in South Asia. The only information available relates to some 450 people who were arrested for trafficking in persons in Nepal in 2016 and in Sri Lanka in 2017. About 80 per cent were males; there was no information regarding their citizenships. Trafficking flows affecting South Asia Information on trafficking flows into South Asia is drawn from data for three countries, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. South Asian countries mainly detect victims who Fig. 86 Share of detected victims of trafficking in South Asia*, by form of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the forms of exploitation for 641 victims of trafficking detected in four countries. Trafficking for other purposes 50% 1% 49% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation South Asia 79% 21% South Asia Fig. 87 Share of trafficking victims detected in South Asia, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Domestic victims 5% 94% South Asia 1% East Africa 23% Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries South Asia 99% North Africa and the Middle East North America Western and Southern Europe East Asia and the Pacific Share of victims from South Asia detected at destinations. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Map 12 Destinations for trafficking flows from South Asia, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 65 17/12/2018 19:49:25 66 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 are citizens of their own countries. When foreign victims are detected, they are mainly from countries within the same subregion. As an origin area for trafficking to the rest of the world, victims from South Asia have been detected in more than 40 countries around the world. The main destinations appear to be the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council in the Middle East. To a lesser extent, victims from South Asia have been detected in Western and Southern Europe and in North America. Victims from South Asia - Bangladesh and India - have also been detected in SouthEast Asia. Fig. 89 Trend in number of countries in South Asia introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 90 Number of countries in South Asia, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 4 5 7 7 8 8 4 3 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Aug-14 Aug-16 Aug-18 Most/all forms No or partial offence No information 1 3 3 1-10 convictions More than 50 convictions 1 No convictions recorded Criminalizing trafficking in persons Most South Asian countries introduced the specific offence of trafficking in persons in line with the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition after December 2003, when the Protocol entered into force. For many of these countries, the anti-trafficking legislative framework is fairly recent. In the countries where information was available, generally few convictions were recorded. In relation to the countries’ populations, the level of criminal justice response appears to be limited. In 2016, countries in South Asia Fig. 91 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Africa and the Middle East The Americas 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 66 17/12/2018 19:49:25 67 East Asia and the Pacific II reported lower conviction rates compared to many world regions, and only higher than those recorded in sub-Saharan Africa. The conviction rates recorded in South Asia are lower than those recorded in East Asian countries, and lower than those recorded in North Africa and the Middle East. EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC15 Profile of the victims In 2016, males accounted for 33 per cent of the detected victims of trafficking in East Asia and the Pacific. Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Singapore reported majorities of women among the detected victims. Conversely, in Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, New Zealand, Thailand, and Timor-Leste, there were more men. In the countries of the Mekong area, more child victims, especially girls, were detected. Compared to 2014, more men were recorded among the detected trafficking victims in this subregion. Forms of exploitation Countries in East Asia and the Pacific detect large numbers of victims who were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation as well as for forced labour. About 60 per cent of the victims detected in 2016 (or most recent) were trafficked for sexual exploitation, and 38 per cent for forced labour. This is quite stable compared to the 15 This subregion is comprised of 17 countries, namely: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Lao People’s