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by traffickers, and, in some cases transferred to other countries to undergo surgery to have their organs removed.l The vulnerability of victims also appears in terms of poor education. One study based on interviews with 103 confirmed victims revealed how none had any education beyond high school level, and only half had primary education or below.m As a result, traffickers take advantage of those factors by peddling lies claiming that kidneys grow back after being removed or that it is abnormal to have two kidneys in the first place.n a European Parliament, 2015, Trafficking in Human Organs, p. 8; United Nations, General Assembly, 2017, Strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ removal and trafficking in human organs, A/RES/71/322, preamble, p. 3. b The ‘means’ listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition are: the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion; abduction; fraud; deception; abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability; the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of person having controlover another person. c European Parliament, 2015, Trafficking in Human Organs, p. 36-37. d State v. Netcare Kwa-Zulu Limited, United Office on Drugs and Crime, Case Law Data Base (SHERLOC), URL: https://sherloc. unodc.org/cld/case-law-doc/traffickingpersonscrimetype/zaf/2010/ state_v._netcare_kwa-zulu_limited.html e Case material provided by Member State (Armenia #1) for the 2014 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. f Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 2013, Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal in the OSCE region: Analysis and findings, p. 6. g Ambagtsheer, F. et. al, 2016, “Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal: a Case Study Report”, pp. 97-102, in Ambagsheer, F. and Weimar, W., 2016, Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal: Results and Recommendations, The HOTT Project. h Ibid. i European Parliament, 2015, Trafficking in Human Organs,pp. 36-37 l Office of the United Nations High Commissioner on Human Rights, Report of the special rapporteur, on her mission to Jordan, A/HRC/32/41/ Add.1, para 20. m Budiani-Saberi, D. A. et al. , 2014, “Human Trafficking for Organ Removal in India: A Victim-Centred, Evidence-Based Report”, Transplantation, 97(4): 380-384 n United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015, Assessment Toolkit – Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal, p. 28. babies or trafficking in babies accounted for about 0.5 per cent of the victims detected in 2016. Similar numbers were recorded for trafficking for forced criminal activity and trafficking for forced marriages, whereas trafficking for the purpose of exploitative begging accounted for about 1 per cent of the detected victims. Other reported forms of exploitation are trafficking for the production of pornographic material and trafficking of children for use as child soldiers. While the numbers of detections are low, many of the ‘other’ forms of exploitation are geographically widespread. Trafficking for the purpose of exploitative begging, for example, was reported by about 20 countries in all the regions considered in this report. Trafficking for forced marriages was reported by a dozen countries across all regions. Trafficking for the purpose of criminal activity is mainly reported by countries in Europe and North America. Trafficking for mixed forms of exploitation is mainly GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 31 17/12/2018 19:49:13 32 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Map 4 Countries that report forms of exploitation other than forced labour and sexual exploitation, 2014-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Trafficking for the purpose of: The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Organ removal Forced/exploitative begging Criminal activities Illegal adoption / baby selling / mothers for child selling Forced marriages Pornography Mixed labour and sexual exploitation reported by countries in the Americas, while trafficking of children for use as armed combatants is reported in a number of conflict and post-conflict countries. As these less commonly reported forms of exploitation are not explicitly mentioned in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol, the distribution of these trafficking cases may whether or not be related to national authorities recognize these situations as forms of trafficking. As mentioned in the section on the profile of the victims, data from countries providing the information on victims’ profile by forms of exploitation show that traffickers target victims according to the purpose of their intended exploitation. The vast majority of the detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are females, in particular women (68 per cent), while girls account for 26 per cent. Males – boys and men in equal proportions - together account for some 6 per cent of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. The gender profiles of detected victims who are trafficked for forced labour are more diverse, although men comprise the largest share. About 35 per cent of these victims are females - more women than girls - while boys made up some 10 per cent. Child victims - boys and girls - account for nearly 30 per cent of the detected victims of both trafficking for sexual exploitation and for forced labour. Compared to trafficking for sexual exploitation and forced labour, far fewer victims of trafficking for ‘other’ purposes are detected. Additionally, these forms are very diverse, ranging from trafficking for forced marriage to forced criminal activities. It appears that most trafficking for ‘other’ purposes targets children to a greater extent than the other forms of exploitation. Age and sex profiles of the victims – women, men, girls and boys - and the form of exploitation among each group of victims was reported by 54 countries in different parts of the world. The information from these countries confirms the patterns resulting from the general analysis: most victims detected in 2016 were adult women (about 45 per cent), and to a lesser extent girls, who were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 32 17/12/2018 19:49:13 33 Global Overview I As highlighted in different parts of the analysis, data on detected victims only refer to that visible part of human trafficking. Exploratory studies on the hidden part of trafficking, however, indicate that trafficking in women for sexual exploitation is the most prevalent form of trafficking5 . 5 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children, 2017, Monitoring Target 16.2 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; A multiple systems estimation of the numbers of presumed human trafficking victims in the Netherlands in 2010-2015 by year, age, gender, form of exploitation and nationality, research brief UNODC-NRM; p46-48; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2018, Monitoring Target 16.2 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: multiple systems estimation of the numbers of presumed victims of trafficking in persons, UNODC Research Briefs on Ireland, Romania, Serbia, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/glotip.html Fig. 21 Share of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age