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However, in comparative terms, the other three flows discussed above, originating in Central America, Mexico, and East Asia, remain significant over the years. Trafficking flows affecting Central America and the Caribbean Central America and the Caribbean are affected by crossborder trafficking flows. These flows mainly move from south to north, from the relatively poorer towards relatively richer countries across the border. Victims from the northern part of Central America are trafficked to Mexico and the United States. At the same time, victims from the northern parts of South America are trafficked to the southern countries of Central America. Overall, however, Fig. 115 Trends in share of trafficking victims detected in North America, by area of citizenship, 2014 and 2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 47% 68% 16% 12% 8% 16% 9% 8% 9% 7% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2014 2016 Other regions East Asia and the Pacific Central America and the Caribbean North America - cross border Domestic victims Map 15 Destinations for trafficking flows from Central America and the Caribbean, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Flows: detected victims in destination countries Central America and the Caribbean 75% 7% South America 9% North America Share of victims from Central America and the Caribbean detected at destinations. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 74 17/12/2018 19:49:28 75 North and Central America and the Caribbean II the trafficking flows affecting Central America and the Caribbean seem to be mainly confined to the Americas, both in terms of their origin and destination. As an area of origin of trafficking flows, victims from Central America and the Caribbean have been detected in or repatriated from 27 countries. Over the 2014-2017 period, victims from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras were detected in or repatriated from North America (mainly the United States and Mexico), whereas victims from the Caribbean were detected in South America, mainly in Argentina and Uruguay. Countries in Central America and the Caribbean are also destinations for victims who are trafficked from South America. For example, victims from Colombia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela have been detected in or repatriated from Panama, the Dominican Republic and other islands in the Caribbean. As in other parts of the world, many of the detected victims are domestically trafficked. Moreover, many of the detected trafficking flows occur within Central America and the Caribbean, with flows often connecting neighbouring countries. Criminalizing trafficking in persons The vast majority of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean, and all three countries in North America, have an offence of trafficking in persons which follows the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition. Most of these countries introduced the offence of trafficking in persons between the end of 2008 and August 2012. Most countries recorded between 11 and 50 convictions in any of the years considered (2014-2017). The United States of America and Mexico recorded more than 50 convictions per year. The North American countries record an average conviction rate above the Asian, African, and South American 75% 25% Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Domestic (within countries) 70% and within the subregion (cross-border) 5% Central America and the Caribbean South America Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. No information 2 3 5 11-50 convictions More than 50 convictions 3 1 1-10 convictions No convictions recorded 2 9 17 18 19 19 18 11 3 2 1 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Aug-14 Aug-16 Aug-18 Most/all forms No or partial offence Fig. 116 Trend of countries in North America, Central America and the Caribbean introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 117 Number of countries in North America, Central America and the Caribbean, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Map 16 Origins of trafficking victims detected in Central America and the Caribbean, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 75 17/12/2018 19:49:28 76 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 rates. However, the conviction rate is lower compared to European standards. Countries in Central America tend to detect high numbers of victims per 100,000 people, higher than all other regions of the world. High values are also recorded in North America. Such high numbers may reflect, for instance, better capacity by national institutions to identify victims, or lower thresholds to define someone as ‘a victim of trafficking in persons’. The United States, for instance, reports and assists not only confirmed, but also ‘potential’ victims of trafficking. SOUTH AMERICA18 Profile of the victims In this subregion, the vast majority of the detected victims of trafficking are females, making up more than 80 per cent of the total in 2016. While women comprise a slim overall majority of the detected victims (51 per cent), there is also a significant share of detected child victims (37 per cent). Girls are detected far more frequently than boys. The Andean countries report particularly large shares of child trafficking. In the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru, more child victims were detected than adults. In Ecuador, children account for just under half of the detected trafficking victims. 18 This subregion includes Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). Countries in the Southern Cone of South America, including Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay report large shares of women among the detected victims (above 60 per cent). The same is true for Colombia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, where women represent the vast majority of detected victims. Compared to the 2012- 2014 reporting period, the profiles of victims detected in South America appear to be stable. Forms of exploitation In line with results from the last reporting period, the majority of detected victims in South America were trafficked for sexual exploitation. In 2016, these victims accounted for around 58 per cent of the total. Fig. 118 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Africa and the Middle East South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific South America Central America and the Caribbean North America 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people Europe and Central Asia Fig. 119 Share of detected victims of trafficking in South America, by age group and sex, 2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 2,949 victims detected in nine countries in South America. 12% 51% 31% 6% South America GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 76 17/12/2018 19:49:28 77 South America II Data from eight countries reporting this information in the subregion show that the overwhelming majority (96 per cent) of victims trafficked for sexual exploitation were females, with more women than girls. The second most commonly reported form was trafficking for the purpose of forced labour. This form affected all groups of victims – women, men, girls and boys - in broadly similar numbers. Argentina and Paraguay reported particularly large shares of victims who had been trafficked for this purpose (about 50 per cent in both countries), with the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru reporting that about 30 per cent of the victims detected had been trafficked for forced labour. Data from eight countries reporting this information in this subregion show that, compared to other subregions, the share of female victims who were trafficked for forced labour in 2016 was large. About