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than girls. Meanwhile in Eastern Europe, the Fig. 71 Number of countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 72 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of some 631 victims of trafficking in persons detected in seven countries in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 60 17/12/2018 19:49:23 61 Eastern Europe and Central Asia II number of detected victims who were girls was much higher than that of boys. Compared to the profile of the victims detected in 2014, there has been a reduction in the number and share of detected victims who are men in Uzbekistan. Data for 2017 also confirm this trend. In Eastern Europe, there has been a slight increase in the share of detected girl victims, in parallel with a decreasing share of women. This might indicate that the average age of the detected victims who are trafficked for sexual exploitation in Eastern Europe is decreasing. Forms of exploitation Most of the detected victims in Eastern Europe (and South Caucasus) were trafficked for sexual exploitation, while about one third were trafficked for forced labour. This is Fig. 73 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Central Asia, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of 963 victims of trafficking in persons detected in three countries in Central Asia. 43% 49% 3% 5% Central Asia a larger share than in Western and Central Europe, but smaller than in Central Asia and South Asia. ‘Other’ forms of trafficking detected in this subregion included mainly trafficking for forced begging and for forced criminal activities, and to a lesser extent trafficking for mixed exploitation. On the basis of information from three countries in this subregion (Belarus, Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine), most of the victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation are women, with girls detected to a lesser extent. Females made up nearly all (97 per cent) the detected victims of this form of trafficking. Fig. 74 Share of forms of exploitation among detected victims of trafficking in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the forms of exploitation for 599 detected victims in six countries in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus. Trafficking for other purposes 55% 11% 33% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Eastern Europe Fig. 75 Share of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation, by age group and sex, in Eastern Europe, 2016 (or most recent) 3 countries (n=281 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 76 Share of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour, by age group and sex, in Eastern Europe, 2016 (or most recent) 3 countries (n=176 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 76% 20% 1% 3% Eastern Europe 65% 32% 3% Eastern Europe 0% GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 61 17/12/2018 19:49:23 62 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Nearly all the victims of trafficking for forced labour are also adults, with a far larger share of men (76 per cent) than women. Central Asian countries report a higher level of trafficking for forced labour than the rest of the subregion. Trafficking for sexual exploitation and for forced labour are near-equally detected, ranging around 45 to 48 per cent of the more than 900 victims reported in this subregion in 2016. Information on the profile of the victims by form of exploitation is scarce. Profile of the offenders Unlike most other subregions, countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia reported almost equal numbers of males and females prosecuted for trafficking in persons and larger numbers of females convicted. During the reporting period, 86 males and 85 females were prosecuted for trafficking in persons and related crimes. At the same time 35 males and 46 females were convicted. This ratio is in line with data from previous years. Countries in Central Asia tend to report more women charged with trafficking offences, while in Eastern Europe (and South Caucasus) there are more males. In detail, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus reported higher numbers of convicted males. The rest of the subregion recorded more convicted female traffickers than males. Eight countries in the subregion reported the citizenship of 623 people convicted of trafficking in 2016. Nearly all of them (98 per cent) were citizens of the country of conviction, while the rest were from other countries within the subregion. Fig. 77 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Central Asia, by form of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the forms of exploitation for 754 detected victims in four countries in Central Asia. Fig. 78 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 6 countries (n=81) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 79 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 7 countries (n=171) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 80 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 8 countries (n=98) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 43% 57% Eastern Europe and Central Asia 50% 50% Eastern Europe and Central Asia 42% 58% Eastern Europe and Central Asia Trafficking for other purposes 48% 7% 45% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Central Asia GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 62 17/12/2018 19:49:24 63 Eastern Europe and Central Asia II Trafficking flows affecting Eastern Europe and Central Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia is a subregion of origin for victims of trafficking. While most of the detected trafficking remains within the subregion, victims from this part of the world have also been detected in or repatriated from other regions, such as Western and Central Europe, but also from the Middle East and East Asia. The latter two areas mainly detect victims from Central Asia. Victims from Ukraine have been more frequently detected in Western and Central Europe than in the past. Looking at detected trafficking within the subregion, the most affluent countries – Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation – are mainly destination countries. The latter attracts victims from other Eastern European countries. Kazakhstan is a destination for victims trafficked from other Central Asian countries. A very limited number of victims from other regions have been detected in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, indicating that these flows remain limited. Criminalizing trafficking in persons Countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have all introduced a specific offence of trafficking in persons in line with the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol by August 2012. Six of them introduced such an offence already in the process of ratification of the protocol, and five right after its entry into force. Despite detecting less victims per capita compared to the neighbouring subregion, countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia record higher conviction rates compared to Western European countries, and above all the other regions of the world. One explanation could be the existence of a long-standing anti-trafficking legislation. Fig. 81 Share of trafficking victims detected in Eastern Europe and Central Asia*, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the forms of exploitation for 422 detected victims in ten countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Domestic victims 23% 76% Central Asia - cross-border 1% Eastern Europe and South Caucasus - cross-border Eastern Europe and Central Asia Map 11 Destinations for trafficking flows from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Flows: victims repatriated from destination countries