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half of the detected victims of this form for trafficking were females, near-equally split between women and girls. The ‘other’ forms of exploitation detected in this subregion include illegal adoption and forced begging. In particular, the Plurinational State of Bolivia reported about 170 detected victims of trafficking for the purpose of illegal adoption between 2014 and 2017. Profile of the offenders19 Most trafficking offenders in South America continue to be men. Around two thirds of those investigated or arrested, prosecuted or convicted of trafficking in 2016 were men, with only minor variations across the different stages of the criminal justice process. 19 Investigations: 1,255 persons investigated in five countries; prosecutions: 611 persons prosecuted in seven countries; convictions: 150 persons convicted in seven countries. Fig. 120 Share of detected victims of trafficking in South America*, by forms of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on forms of exploitation of 1,796 victims detected in 9 countries in South America. Trafficking for other purposes 58% 10% 32% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Central America and the Caribbean Fig. 121 Share of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour in South America, by sex and age, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 33% 26% 24% 17% South America Fig. 122 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 5 countries (n=1,255) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 123 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 7 countries (n=611) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 69% 31% 69% 31% GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 77 17/12/2018 19:49:28 78 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Fig. 124 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in South America, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 7 countries (n=150) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Overall, Argentina reported the highest numbers of prosecution and convictions as well as the largest shares of females among those prosecuted and convicted. Paraguay reported having convicted more females than males of trafficking. Data on the citizenships of convicted trafficking offenders show that most are citizens of the country where they were convicted. More than 80 per cent of those convicted in the first court instance in seven South American countries were citizens of the countries of conviction, while 16 per cent were foreigners, mainly from other countries within the subregion. 63% 37% Trafficking flows affecting South America During the period between 2014 and 2017, victims from South America were detected in or repatriated from different countries, mainly in other countries in South America, but also countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Victims from the northern part of the continent, such as Colombia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, were detected in countries in Central America and the Caribbean of relative geographical proximity, such Fig. 125 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in South America, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. National offenders 14% 84% Foreigners - South America 1% 1% Other Central and South Eastern Europe Central America and the Caribbean Map 17 Destination for trafficking flows from South America, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. North America Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Flows: victims repatriated from destination countries (magnitude unknown) South America Western and Southern Europe East Asia and the Pacific 25% Central America and the Caribbean 92% Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Share of victims from South America detected at destinations. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 78 17/12/2018 19:49:29 79 South America II as Panama and the Dominican Republic. Some trafficking flows from South America are also directed to other regions of the world, such as to Western and Southern Europe. These flows are, however, less significant than in past years. About two per cent of the victims detected in North America come from countries in South America. Victims from this subregion are also detected in or repatriated from East Asia. South America is also a destination for cross-border trafficking flows within the subregion. However, within the region there is not a clear pattern of origin and destination countries. For example, victims from Paraguay and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are detected in Argentina, while victims from Colombia are detected in Ecuador. Brazil and Chile are also destinations for victims from Bolivia and Peru, among other origins, and Peru is a destination for victims trafficked from neighbouring countries. As a consequence, the trafficking flows within South America seem rather complex, but they are also limited in terms of geographical reach, as most are limited to a nearby country. One exception seems to be the trafficking flows originating from the Caribbean, which are mainly, though not exclusively, directed to the countries of the Southern Cone. Criminalizing trafficking in persons Most South American countries have a specific offence of trafficking in persons following the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition. Many countries introduced Fig. 126 Trend in the share of the victims detected in Western and Southern Europe who are citizens of South American countries, 2010-2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 2010 2012 2014 2016 Map 18 Origins of trafficking victims detected in South America, by subregion, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Flows: detected victims in destination countries 92% 7% Domestic (within countries) 77% and within the subregion (cross-border) 15% South America Central America and the Caribbean Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Fig. 127 Trend in the number of countries in South America introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 1 6 7 8 9 10 10 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Aug-14 Aug-16 Aug-18 Most/all forms No or partial offence Fig. 128 Number of countries in South America, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. No information 6 1 3 11-50 convictions 1 1-10 convictions No convictions recorded GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 79 17/12/2018 19:49:29 80 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 legislation on trafficking in persons between 2004 and the end of 2008. More countries followed over the last ten years. Most countries recorded between 11 and 50 convictions in at least one of the year considered (2014-2017). Not a single country among those where the criminal justice response was assessed in South America recorded more than 50 convictions. In some other countries no convictions were recorded or no information was available. When the number of convictions is considered in relation with the size of the population, South American countries register conviction rates similar to the Asian average, and less than North and Central American countries or Europe. In addition, compared to the rest of the American continent, South American countries detect less victims per 100,000 people. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA20 Profile of the victims Most of the detected trafficking victims in sub-Saharan Africa continue to be children. More than 50 per cent of 20 This subregion includes 30 countries, which for analytical purposes can be divided into three areas, namely West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger,