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Searches were conducted in the English language using typical legal database techniques such as key terms, expanders and proximity in both Boolean and natural-language methods. The Boolean method of JOURNAL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 113 search uses the words AND, OR, NOT (known as Boolean operators) to combine keywords and phrases to limit, broaden, or define the search. Natural-language methods employ every day, plain language written out in phrases to retrieve relevant documents “about” the subject/theme under review. Broader searches for “human trafficking” were filtered for “train! or educat! and physician or health or doctor or medic! or nurse” and “report!” Separate searches were conducted for education and reporting laws. Education law searches included “train! educat! /s hospital medical teach! school educat!” /s “human trafficking” and “human trafficking” /407 “training.” Reporting law searches included (a) “mandatory reporters,” (b) mandat! report! “human trafficking,” (c) “professionally mandatory reporters,” (d) trafficking “mandat! report!,” (e) “human trafficking” report! Physicians doctors medical, (f) “child abuse” mandat! report!, (g) report! /s traffick!, and (h) medical board, continu! educat!. Filters were then applied within the reporting searches for specific instances of “physician or health, must, mandatory, child abuse or neglect.” Results generated for any particular state were reviewed for relevance and further refined, including a review of cross-code section references and statutory annotations. Concurrently, independent weekly alerts were set up to search automatically for news or updates regarding pending federal and state legislation, administrative codes, and regulations, as well as a news search for articles about human trafficking, particularly with regard to training, education, reporting, and health care. In analyzing state education laws, we asked five primary questions: Who receives the education? Is it mandatory or voluntary for the trainee? Who oversees the education? What is the curriculum? Does the law require data collection and assessment? Our analysis of mandatory reporting laws focused on six primary questions: Who reports, when, and under what circumstances? What gets reported and to whom? Is data collection required? Results In total, 17 states have enacted legislation that either specifically addresses the education of health care providers and other professionals about human trafficking (13 states), requires mandatory reporting of trafficking of minors (seven states), or compels both (three states). None of these statutes has appropriated funds to support these endeavors. State education laws In total, 13 states have education laws related to human trafficking8 (see Table 1). Ten of these states have only education laws,9 while three (CO, MA, NC) have both education and reporting laws.10 All of the education laws address both labor and sex trafficking, except for Minnesota, which addresses child sex trafficking only.11 Including Minnesota’s law that only calls for education on child-trafficking victims, three states in total limit their education and training programs to awareness or identification of minors (under age 18) only (LA, MA, MN). Louisiana’s human-trafficking-victim services plan restricts the development and dissemination of educational and training programs to child-trafficking victims,12 and Massachusetts requires training for child abuse and neglect that includes human trafficking as a covered abuse.13 Who receives the education Washington is the only state that has a standalone physician education provision regarding trafficking, although in Washington, other professionals (mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, social workers, and psychologists) are covered by other provisions.14 The remaining 12 state laws cover education for a variety of health care providers, grouping them with a range of other professionals, such as educators, law-enforcement personnel, clergy, and social workers in a single provision (see Table 2). Even more broadly, some states include “employers” (KS, VT),15 “local departments of social services,” “public and private agencies,” “service providers,” and the “general public” (LA, NC) and state agency “officials and employees” (MO).16 Two states (CO, MO) also call for education of persons who are more likely to encounter trafficking victims, namely those working 114 H. G. ATKINSON ET AL. Table 1. State Human Trafficking Education Laws. State Relevant Statutes Trafficking Education Provision Mandatory or Voluntary Training for Trainee Trafficking Type Labor and/or Sex Trafficking of Minors Only or All Victims Colorado COLO. REV. STAT. § 18–3- 505 (2014) The Human Trafficking Council is tasked with developing training standards and curricula. Voluntary Both All victims Kansas KAN. STAT. ANN. § 75–759 (2013) The State Secretary of Labor and Attorney General are tasked with developing and implementing an education plan to raise awareness among Kansas employers about the problem of human trafficking, the national human trafficking resource center hotline, and any other resources or services that might be available to employers, employees, and victims of trafficking. Voluntary Both All victims Louisiana LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 46:2161 (2014) The State Department of Children and Family Services, in conjunction with the Department of Health and Hospitals, is tasked with developing a plan for the delivery of services to victims of human trafficking, including preparing and disseminating educational and training programs and materials to increase awareness of human trafficking and services available to victims of human trafficking. Voluntary Both Minors only Massachusetts MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, § 51A (2008) The law requires that a mandated reporter who is professionally licensed by the Commonwealth will complete training to recognize and report suspected child abuse or neglect, which includes the abuse of human trafficking. Mandatory Both Minors only Michigan 2014 Mich. Pub. Acts 184; MICH. COMP. LAWS § 752.974 (2015); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 333.17066 (2015) The Human Trafficking Commission is tasked to provide information and training regarding human trafficking. In addition, the state has directed a task force to create mandatory training for physician’s assistants. Mixed: Mostly Voluntary/ Some Mandatory Both All victims Minnesota MINN. STAT. § 145.4716 (2013) The Director of Child Sex Trafficking Prevention is tasked with the following: training, collecting, and disseminating information on services; applying for federal funding for anti-trafficking efforts; managing grant programs and managing grant proposal requests; identifying best practices for serving victims; providing oversight; conducting evaluations of statewide programs for victims; and developing policy for sharing data among agencies/advocates regarding sexually exploited youth. Voluntary Sex Minors only Missouri MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004) The Department of Public Safety may establish training programs as well as standard protocols for appropriate agencies to educate officials and employees on state statutes and federal laws regulating human trafficking and the identification and assistance of victims of human trafficking. Voluntary Both All victims (Continued ) JOURNAL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 115 Table 1. (Continued). State Relevant Statutes Trafficking Education Provision Mandatory or Voluntary Training for Trainee Trafficking Type Labor and/or Sex Trafficking of Minors Only or All Victims New Jersey N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2 C:13–12, 26:2 H-2 (2013) The law requires certain employees of every licensed health care facility to complete a one-time training course on the handling and response procedures of suspected human-trafficking activities. Mandatory Both All victims North Carolina N.C. Gen. Stat. § 114–70 (2014) The Human Trafficking Commission must contribute to efforts to inform and educate law-enforcement personnel, social services providers, and the general public about human trafficking. Voluntary Both All victims Tennessee TENN. CODE ANN. § 71–1- 135 (2012) The Commissioner of Human Services must develop a plan with other departments to prepare and disseminate educational materials and to provide training programs to increase awareness of human trafficking and the services available to victims. Voluntary Both All victims Texas TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.035 (2009) The Human Trafficking Prevention Task Force must develop training for identifying and assisting victims of human trafficking.