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in this subregion between 2014 and 2017. Victims were also trafficked for ‘other’ purposes including sale of children, forced begging and criminal activity. Trafficking for begging was recorded in the Western Balkans, as well as in other parts of this subregion. Trafficking for criminal activity was reported by the Baltic countries, and also by countries in the Western Balkans. There were also reports of (pregnant) women and girls who were trafficked for the purpose of selling their children. Profile of the offenders As in other parts of Europe, far more men are investigated, prosecuted and/or convicted of trafficking in persons in Central and South-Eastern Europe than women. The vast majority of the people convicted of trafficking in persons in this subregion are citizens of the country of conviction (80 per cent), or of neighbouring countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe or Eastern Europe. Fig. 62 Share of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by age group and sex of the victims, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=201 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 2% 65% 28% 5% Central and South Eastern Europe 52% 43% 2% 3% Central and South Eastern Europe 77% 23% Central and South Eastern Europe 78% 22% Central and South Eastern Europe GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 57 17/12/2018 19:49:22 58 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Fig. 68 Comparison of the shares of national and foreign citizens convicted in Western and Southern Europe and in Central and South-Eastern Europe, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 67 Shares of offenders convicted in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. The chart above shows the difference in the citizenship profiles of convicted traffickers in Western and Southern Europe, and in Central and South-Eastern Europe, in connection with the different positions these two subregions have in the trafficking process (one primarily a destination for trafficking victims, the other primarily an origin). Trafficking flows affecting Central and South-Eastern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe is primarily a subregion of origin for detected victims who are trafficked to other European countries. Victims from this subregion are detected in large numbers in Western and Southern Europe as well as in other countries within Central and South-Eastern Europe. Repatriation data also reveal a flow from Central and South-Eastern Europe to Eastern Europe. These regional flows are detected in large numbers, while it is very rare to find detected victims from Central and South-Eastern Europe in other parts of the world. This subregion is also a destination for victims of trafficking. Large numbers of the victims detected here are citizens of the country of detection. Significant detected flows originate from Eastern Europe, including the one from Ukraine often directed to Poland and other countries in Central Europe. Within the subregion, Czechia and Poland are mainly destinations for victims originating from South-Eastern Europe. Victims from East and South Asia have been detected in the more affluent countries of this subregion. Criminalizing trafficking in persons All countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe introduced an offence of trafficking in persons in line with the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol by August 2012. Most of them had already introduced such an offence before the entry into force of the Protocol in December 2003. Many of the countries in this subregion have long-standing legislation regarding trafficking in persons. The majority of the countries in Central and SouthEastern Europe recorded a number of convictions between 11 and 50 or above in any of the years considered (2014- 2017). In the other countries, less than ten convictions were recorded or no information was available. 82% 18% Central and South Eastern Europe Western and Southern Europe 41% Western and Southern Europe 59% Central and South-Eastern Europe 80% Central and South-Eastern Europe - 20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% National offenders Foreign offenders National offenders 14% 80% Foreigners - Central and South Eastern Europe 1% 5% Others Eastern Europe and Central Asia Central Europe and the Balkans Fig. 66 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, in Central and SouthEastern Europe, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=141) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 58 17/12/2018 19:49:22 59 Central and South-Eastern Europe II The rate of victim detection per 100,000 people in this subregion is among the highest in the world, second only to Central American countries. These countries detect more victims per capita than countries in Western or Eastern Europe, but the conviction rates are much lower than the other European subregions. Still, countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe record higher conviction rates compared to the other regions of the world. 33% Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Flows: detected victims in destination countries 56% Share of victims from Central and South-Eastern Europe detected at destinations. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Map 9 Share of victims detected in Central and South-Eastern Europe, by major areas of origin, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Central and South-Eastern Europe South Asia Eastern Europe and Central Asia East Asia and the Pacific Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Domestic (within countries) 47% and within the subregion (cross-border) 9% North Africa and the Middle East 39% 56% Fig. 69 Trend in the number of countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2012 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 12 16 17 5 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Most/all forms No or partial offence Map 10 Destinations for trafficking flows from Central and South-Eastern Europe, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 59 17/12/2018 19:49:23 60 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA13 Profile of the victims The majority of the victims detected in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are adults, and both subregions reported more women victims than men. However, compared to other areas, Eastern Europe and Central Asia reports a 13 This subregion comprises Eastern Europe (including South Caucasus) and Central Asia. Eastern Europe consists of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, whereas Central Asia includes Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Fig. 70 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. No information 1 3 7 11-50 convictions More than 50 convictions 3 1-10 convictions 31% 49% 16% 4% Eastern Europe and South Caucasus South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific The Americas Africa and the Middle East Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia Number of victms detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people larger share of victims who are men (31 per cent). Some countries (Armenia and Republic of Moldova) report more men than women among the detected victims. In Central Asia, the share of victims who are men is only marginally smaller than the share of women. In this subregion, adults account for 92 per cent of all detected victims. Across the subregion, the share of detected child trafficking remains minimal compared to other parts of the world. Regarding the sex of the detected child victims, the countries in Central Asia reported more victims who were boys