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underage girls accounting for 25 per cent of the victims trafficked for sexual exploitation. About a quarter of the victims detected in North America were trafficked for forced labour; most Moreover, the share of children – girls and boys – was 66 per cent in 2016, which is among the largest shares of child victims of trafficking recorded worldwide. In terms of trends, the profile of the victims for the reporting period is very similar to that reported for the 2012- 2014 period. There were no significant changes. The share of detected victims who are men have substantially declined. This trend is valid for all three reporting countries. Forms of exploitation In both North and Central America and the Caribbean, sexual exploitation was the most commonly reported form of trafficking. The vast majority of the victims detected Fig. 104 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Central America and the Caribbean*, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 968 victims detected in 11 countries in Central America and the Caribbean. 9% 25% 55% 11% Central America and Caribbean Fig. 105 Share of detected victims of trafficking in North America*, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on data on sex and age of 6694 victims detected in three countries in North America Fig. 106 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Central America and the Caribbean, by form of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 13% 65% 20% 2% North America Trafficking for other purposes 87% 8% 5% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Central America and the Caribbean Fig. 107 Share of detected victims of trafficking in North America, by form of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Trafficking for other purposes 71% 5% 24% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation North America GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 71 17/12/2018 19:49:27 72 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 of them males, with men accounting for more than half of these victims. In North America, victims are also trafficked for mixed forms of exploitation (sexual and forced labour) and also for forced criminal activity. Compared to the profiles recorded in 2014, both subregions recorded increases in the shares of detected victims who were trafficked for sexual exploitation. While in 2014, these victims comprised some 55 per cent of the total, in 2016, they accounted for some three quarters. Profile of the offenders Countries in Central America and the Caribbean continue to report large shares of female offenders, particularly in Central America. The share of females among those prosecuted for trafficking in this subregion was around 36 per cent in 2016 (seven countries), while the share of females convicted was some 58 per cent (five countries). Honduras convicted twice as many females as males. In North America, Mexico and Canada reported information on the sex of people going through criminal justice Fig. 108 Share of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Central America and the Caribbean, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 109 Share of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour in North America, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 15% 44% 40% 1% Central America and Caribbean 56% 18% 12% 14% North America system procedures for trafficking in persons; the majority of whom continue to be males. For 2016, in Mexico, 438 males and 166 females were prosecuted while 150 males and 74 females were convicted. For the same year, in 74% 26% Fig. 110 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, Mexico and Canada, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 111 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, Mexico and Canada, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 112 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in Central America and the Caribbean, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 8 countries (n=324) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 44% 56% 67% 33% GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 72 17/12/2018 19:49:27 73 North and Central America and the Caribbean II Central America and the Caribbean indicate that 90 per cent of the 62 traffickers convicted there in 2016 were citizens of the country of conviction, with the remaining 10 per cent coming from other countries in the region. Trafficking flows affecting North America Although North America is a significant destination for both intraregional and transregional trafficking flows, most of the detected victims were citizens of the country where they were detected. United States of America Fig. 114 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Central America and the Caribbean, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 7 countries (n=100) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 64% 36% Fig. 113 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Central America and the Caribbean, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 5 countries (n=33) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 42% 58% Canada, the overall picture was similar, with 89 males and 24 females prosecuted and 5 males and 3 females convicted of trafficking in persons and related crimes. Information on persons investigated or arrested for trafficking was only available for Canada, where some 20 per cent of those investigated were females in 2016. Information regarding the citizenships of persons convicted of trafficking was not available for the United States of America. Data from Mexico and Canada indicate that the vast majority of the traffickers are citizens of the country of conviction. The same data from six countries in Map 14 Origins of trafficking victims detected in North America, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. 76% 8% 9% East Asia and the Pacific South Asia Domestic (within countries) 68% and within the subregion (cross-border) 8% North Africa and the Middle East North America South America Central America and the Caribbean Europe and Central Asia Flows: detected victims in destination countries Flows: less than 5% of detected victims in destination countries Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 73 17/12/2018 19:49:27 74 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 reports a large share of own nationals as trafficking victims. Since the United States reports a large number of detected victims, this affects the global aggregated picture. But trafficking of own nationals is also frequently detected in the other two countries of this subregion, Canada and Mexico. In terms of transnational trafficking, North America is a destination for significant flows from countries in Central America and the Caribbean. These flows are mainly directed to the United States and Mexico. Victims from Central America and the Caribbean accounted for some 9 per cent of the detected trafficking flows in North America in 2016. Cross-border trafficking flows within North America comprise some 8 per cent of the total, mainly referring to the flow from Mexico to the United States. North America is also the destination for one significant transregional trafficking flow, where victims are trafficked across vast distances. This flow originates in East Asia and is mainly directed to the United States, making up some 8 per cent of the detected trafficking flows in North America in 2016. The key origin countries are in South-East Asia, including Thailand and the Philippines, but also other Asian countries on a smaller scale. Trafficking victims detected in North America also originate from a wide variety of countries in Africa, Europe, South Asia, and South America. Victims of 96 different citizenships have been detected in this subregion. However, these flows seem to be less intense than those originating from East Asia and within the subregion. Countries in North America have been detecting increasing shares of domestic victims compared to past years. As a consequence, the proportions of other flows have reduced.