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victims. In addition, two detected victims had been trafficked for the purpose of organ removal. Belgium and the United Kingdom reported having detected more victims of trafficking for forced labour than for sexual exploitation. The subregional breakdown of the detected forms of exploitation did not significantly change compared to 2014. A slight reduction was found for the share of detected victims trafficked for forced labour (from 30 per cent in 2014 to 27 in 2016) and an increase for ‘other’ forms of trafficking (from 4 to 7 per cent). The vast majority of detected victims of sexual exploitation continue to be women, reaching nearly 72 per cent in 2016. Looking at detected male victims trafficked for sexual exploitation, in general, there tends to be more men than boys. The ‘other’ forms of exploitation detected in this subregion included trafficking for exploitation in begging, forced criminality, and forced or sham marriage. In 2016, for example, Spain reported having detected 15 victims who were trafficked for the purpose of forced criminal activities, while Greece reported 11 victims of trafficking for forced begging and Cyprus detected 17 victims of trafficking for sham marriage. 10 This subregion consists of the following countries: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Fig. 48 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Western and Southern Europe*, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age for 5,522 victims detected in 20 countries in Western and Southern Europe. Fig. 49 Share of detected victims of trafficking in Western and Southern Europe*, by forms of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the form of exploitation for more than 5,500 victims detected in 18 countries in Western and Southern Europe. Trafficking for other purposes 66% 7% 27% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation Western and Southern Europe 23% 52% 19% 6% Western and Southern Europe Profile of the offenders11 The vast majority of those suspected, prosecuted, or convicted of trafficking in persons in this subregion are males. In 2016, the share of males was more than twice as large as that of females investigated or arrested, prosecuted, or 11 In Western and Southern Europe, 12 countries reported the sex of 12,226 people investigated for trafficking in persons. Nine countries reported the sex of 6,055 people prosecuted for this crime, while eight countries reported on 1,305 people convicted, all between 2014 and 2017. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 51 17/12/2018 19:49:20 52 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 convicted. In terms of convictions, out of the 310 persons who were convicted in the eight countries that reported the sex of traffickers, 76 per cent were males. The ratio of males to females prosecuted and convicted remained close to that of the last reporting period. Most of the traffickers who are convicted in the first court instance in Western and Southern Europe are foreigners in the countries where they were convicted. This was true for about 59 per cent of those convicted in the subregion in 2016. These foreigners are mainly other European citizens, generally from South-Eastern Europe, from other Western and Southern European countries, or from Central Europe. Compared to 2014, the share of Europeans among foreign traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe seems to have increased from 74 to 81 per cent. Fig. 50 Share of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Western and Southern Europe, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) 13 countries (n=2,419 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 51 Share of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour in Western and Southern Europe, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) 13 countries (n=949 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 7% 72% 18% 3% Western and Southern Europe 70% 23% 2% 5% Western and Southern Europe Fig. 52 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in Western and Southern Europe, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 11 countries (n=4,513) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 53 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in Western and Southern Europe, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 9 countries (n=1,864) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 54 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in Western and Southern Europe, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 8 countries, (n=310 persons convicted) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 73% 27% Western and Southern Europe 69% 31% Western and Southern Europe 76% 24% Western and Southern Europe GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 52 17/12/2018 19:49:21 53 Western and Southern Europe II Map 7 Share of traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=1,015 persons convicted) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. South-Eastern Europe National offenders 41% and foreign offenders within the subregion 10% Western and Southern Europe East Asia and the Pacific Citizenship of convicted traffickers 9% 51% Africa and the Middle East 8% 26% South Asia Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Fig. 55 Trend in the shares of traffickers convicted in Western and Southern Europe, by area of citizenship, 2014 and 2016 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Trafficking flows affecting Western and Southern Europe In line with the global trend, the detection of own nationals as trafficking victims has been increasingly recorded across the countries of Western and Southern Europe. As for cross-border trafficking, the main origins of inbound flows remain the countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe, although the detection of these flows has declined markedly compared to 2012 and 2014. Victims from South-Eastern Europe have been recorded in large numbers in almost every part of this subregion. Victims from Central Europe are also detected in many parts of Western and Southern Europe, though to a lesser extent. Some Western European countries report having detected victims from the Baltic countries of Latvia and Lithuania, with larger numbers in the United Kingdom. It appears that countries in Western and Southern Europe are increasingly detecting victims from other (affluent) countries in this subregion. Outside of the region of Western and Central Europe, sub-Saharan Africa remains the most relevant origin of detected trafficking flows into Western and Southern Europe. 40% 41% 4% 10% 2% 4% 28% 26% 2% 1% 6% 8% 5% 1% 13% 9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2014 2016 National offenders Foreigners - Western and Southern Europe Central Europe South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia East and South Asia The Americas Africa and the Middle East GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 53 17/12/2018 19:49:21 54 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 The share of detected victims with citizenships from this part of the world has increased somewhat in recent years. Among sub-Saharan African victims, the largest part of this flow consists of victims trafficked from West Africa. Victims from West Africa comprised about 16 per cent of the victims detected in Western and Southern Europe in 2016. These victims have been detected in almost every country of this subregion. Detected victims from East Africa mainly originate from the Horn of Africa. Few victims are trafficked from Southern Africa to Western and Southern Europe. Victims from East Asia and the Pacific account for less than 10 per cent of the total, but they are detected, even if in small numbers, in most countries of this subregion. Most of the detected victims from East Asia come from South-East Asia: from the Philippines, Thailand and to a lesser extent, from China and Viet Nam. Compared to previous years, detections of victims with these citizenships appear to have become more frequent. Victims from South Asia (and