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the status of their trafficking legislation is unknown to UNODC. Another nine countries have anti-trafficking legislation that only criminalize some aspects of the trafficking definition (for example, only trafficking for sexual exploitation, or trafficking in children). Four countries have criminal codes that do not include the offence of trafficking in persons. A few countries in West and Southern Africa as well as some small African island states either lack trafficking legislation or have partial legislative coverage. However, the last six years have brought rapid improvements, as some 15 countries amended their criminal codes to introduce a trafficking offence in line with the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol definition. In North Africa and the Middle East only a couple of countries have not yet introduced specific trafficking legislation. Most European countries introduced the offence of trafficking before 2004. Most Asian countries introduced trafficking legislation between 2004 and 2012, and similar measures were followed by countries in the Americas. Countries in Africa and the Middle East have a more recent anti trafficking legislative framework. 9 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The criminal justice response to trafficking in persons follows geographical patterns that seem to be connected to the time of introduction of national trafficking legislation. For example, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are recording a limited number of convictions, with some countries registering no convictions at all during the reporting period (2014-2017). As discussed in the first section of the Report, the total number of convictions recorded has generally increased. Over the past ten years, the share of countries recording no convictions declined from 15 per cent to nine per cent. Some countries recorded their first convictions during the 2014-2016 period; reflected in the increasing size of the group recording from one up to 10 convictions per year. The group of countries reporting 11-50 convictions has increased significantly in recent years. Fig. 45 Share of countries according to the number of convictions recorded per year, by reporting period, 2007-2017 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% No convictions recorded Between 1 and 10 convictions Between 11 and 50 convictions More than 50 convictions 2007-2010 2010-2012 2012-2014 2014-2017 GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 45 17/12/2018 19:49:17 46 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Fig. 46 Criminalization of trafficking in persons with a specific offence covering all or some forms as defined in the UN Protocol, shares of countries 2003-2018 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 18% 54% 76% 83% 88% 93% 23% 19% 14% 11% 9% 5% 59% 27% 10% 6% 3% 2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-2012 Aug-2014 Aug-2016 Aug-2018 Covers most/all forms Partial No specific offence Fig. 47 Number of countries reporting trafficking convictions, by region and number of convictions, 2014-2017 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Western and Southern Europe Central and South-Eastern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia South Asia East Asia and the Pacific South America Central America and the Caribbean North America Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa and Middle East Information not available More than 50 convictions Between 11 and 50 convictions Between 1 and 10 convictions No convictions recorded GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 46 17/12/2018 19:49:17 47 Global Overview I 0 20 40 60 80 100 Non-official Official FORGED DOCUMENTS (%) No forged documents Forged documents 0 20 40 60 80 100 Non-official Official EXPLOITATION EN ROUTE (%) Not exploited en route Exploited en route 0 20 40 60 80 100 Non-official Official EXPLOITATION TYPE (%) Labour Sexual Other 0 20 40 60 80 100 Adult Child MAJORITY STATUS (%) Percent non-official Percent official Figure a Figure b Figure c Figure d 0 20 40 60 80 100 Non-official Official FORGED DOCUMENTS (%) No forged documents Forged documents 0 20 40 60 80 100 Non-official Official EXPLOITATION EN ROUTE (%) Not exploited en route Exploited en route 0 20 40 60 80 100 Non-official Official EXPLOITATION TYPE (%) Labour Sexual Other 0 20 40 60 80 100 Adult Child MAJORITY STATUS (%) Percent non-official Percent official Figure a Figure b Figure c Figure d Source: IOM-CTDC. The International Organization for Migration’s Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative Text and data contributed by the International Organization for Migration In 2017, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) launched the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC), the first global data hub on human trafficking, with data contributed by counter-trafficking organizations from around the world. CTDC combines the three biggest case-level “victim of human trafficking” datasets from IOM, Polaris and Liberty Asia resulting in one centralized dataset with information on over 90,000 victims of human trafficking, with 169 nationalities exploited in 172 countries. Facilitating an unparalleled level of access, CTDC regularly publishes thematic visual analysis on the site, and allows researchers to carry out their own analysis through downloading the publicly available, anonymized version of the dataset. Recently published data on CTDC has yielded new insights into the journey routes victims of trafficking take. Based on data on individuals assisted by IOM, the analysis reveals key characteristics of trafficked victims’ journeys. Importantly, these data indicate that among victims assisted, nearly 80% of international trafficking journeys cross through official border points, such as airports and land border control points. Crossing at an official border point does not necessarily mean that victims are crossing the border regularly: in 9% of cases, victims travel with forged documents (figure a). In addition, those trafficked through official border points are almost as likely to be exploited during their journey as those who are trafficked through unofficial border points. Those who are not exploited during their journey may be unaware that they will be exploited once they arrive at their destination (figure b). The profile of victims can differ significantly depending on whether they pass through official or non-official border points. For instance, children are less likely to be trafficked through official border points: out of all the children in the sample, non-official border points are used in 44% of cases, against 20% for adults (figure c). In addition, victims of trafficking for labour exploitation are more likely to pass through official border points than victims of sexual exploitation. Trafficking for labor exploitation makes up 83% of official border crossings, while trafficking for sexual exploitation makes up only 15% of official border crossings (figure d). There are also differences in the modes of transport used by victims, with about a third of official border points crossed by bus, another third by train, and 20% by plane. In comparison, unofficial borders are crossed mainly by car (28%), bus (26%) and train (15%).Victims trafficked through non-official border points also tend to be trafficked for a longer period of time: 25% of them are trafficked for more than two years, while the same figure for victims trafficked through official border points is 19%. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 47 17/12/2018 19:49:18 GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 48 17/12/2018 19:49:19 GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 49 17/12/2018 19:49:20 GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 50 17/12/2018 19:49:20 51 CHAPTER II REGIONAL OVERVIEWS WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE10 Profile of the victims While most of the trafficking victims detected in this subregion are women (52 per cent), the share of men appears to continue to increase. The United Kingdom reported a greater share of victims who were men than women in 2016. Conversely, some others (Austria, Germany and Norway) reported decreasing numbers of men among the detected trafficking victims. The share of detected child victims (25 per cent) has not changed significantly since 2014. Forms of exploitation Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation continues to be the most commonly detected form in this subregion (66 per cent of total detected victims). Trafficking for forced labour accounts for less than one third of the detected