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Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. previous reporting period, with a slight increase in trafficking for forced labour, which is likely due to reporting by different countries during the two periods. With regard to trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, females continue to be the largest group by far, with slightly more girls detected than women. Trafficking for forced labour is also commonly detected. Malaysia, New Zealand and Thailand detected more victims for this form of exploitation than for sexual exploitation. Most of the victims of trafficking for forced labour were men, although boys and females (more women than girls) were also detected. With regard to ‘other’ forms of exploitation in this subregion, overall, there was an increase in the number of detected victims of trafficking for forced begging. Profile of the offenders16 Large shares of female offenders continue to be reported by countries in East Asia and the Pacific. While there seems to have been a slight decrease in the share of offenders who are female, it nonetheless continues to be one of the largest shares globally. Myanmar and Thailand reported particularly high numbers of females prosecuted and convicted of trafficking in persons. The vast majority of the convicted traffickers are citizens of the country of conviction. Some 15 per cent are foreigners, mainly from other countries in the subregion. 16 Investigations: 1,236 persons investigated in six countries; prosecutions: 1,853 persons prosecuted in 10 countries; convictions: 520 persons convicted in 10 countries. Fig. 92 Share of detected victims of trafficking in East Asia and the Pacific, by age group and sex, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of 5,663 victims detected in 15 countries and territories. 29% 48% 19% 4% East Asia and Pacific Fig. 93 Share of detected victims of trafficking in East Asia and the Pacific, by form of exploitation, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. *Based on information on the sex and age of 3,593 victims detected in 18 countries and territories. Trafficking for other purposes 60% 2% 38% Trafficking for forced labour Trafficking for sexual exploitation East Asia and Pacific GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 67 17/12/2018 19:49:25 68 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 Fig. 94 Share of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 6 countries (n=609 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 95 Share of detected victims of trafficking for forced labour in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 6 countries (n=608 victims) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 72% 9% 5% 14% East Asia and Pacific 0% 48% 50% 2% East Asia and Pacific Fig. 96 Share of persons investigated or arrested for trafficking in persons in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 6 countries (n=1,236) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 97 Share of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=1,853) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 62% 38% East Asia and Pacific 54% 46% East Asia and Pacific Fig. 98 Share of persons convicted of trafficking in persons in East Asia and the Pacific, by sex, 2016 (or most recent) 10 countries (n=520) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. 52% 48% East Asia and Pacific Fig. 99 Shares of traffickers convicted in East Asia and the Pacific, by area of citizenship, 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. National offenders 15% 85% Foreigners - East Asia and the Pacific East Asia and Pacific GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 68 17/12/2018 19:49:26 69 East Asia and the Pacific II Trafficking flows affecting East Asia and the Pacific Victims from East Asia and the Pacific have been detected in or repatriated from more than 60 countries across all subregions. Both the diversity of the flows and the number of victims detected indicate that trafficking from East Asia is of a global dimension. The flows from countries in South-East Asia to North America, the Middle East, and Western and Central Europe are particularly relevant. The most significant flows affecting this subregion are those to destinations in East Asia and the Pacific. The most affluent countries are generally destinations for victims trafficked from neighbouring countries. For example, Malaysia is a destination for victims trafficked from Indonesia and the Philippines, and Thailand is a destination for victims trafficked from Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar and Viet Nam. Australia and Japan report detecting victims of domestic trafficking as well as subregional trafficking from South-East Asia. As far as transregional flows into these countries are concerned, a trafficking flow is recorded from Bangladesh to South-East Asia. Moreover, repatriation data indicate a trafficking flow from Eastern Europe to South-East Asia. Criminalizing trafficking in persons Most of the countries in East Asia and the Pacific introduced the specific offence of trafficking in persons according to the UN definition right after the entry into force of the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Nine countries introduced a specific offence on trafficking in persons over the last ten years. Two countries have a trafficking in persons’ offence only criminalizing some aspects of the crime. Most countries recorded more than 50 convictions in at least one of the years considered LOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 (2014-2017). However, the average conviction rate recorded in the East Asian countries considered for this analysis is lower than many regions in the world. The number of convictions per 100,000 is higher than SubSaharan Africa, but slightly lower than in North Africa and the Middle East, despite detecting more victims. Countries in East Asia detect far fewer victims per capita than countries in Europe and the Americas, despite East Asian victims representing the largest share of victims trafficked across borders in 2016. NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN17 Profile of the victims In Central America and the Caribbean, most of the detected victims in 2016 were girls. Together with women, they bring the share of females among detected trafficking victims to 80 per cent in this subregion. 17 This includes two subregions; North America, encompassing Canada, Mexico and the United States of America; and Central America and the Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago). 3 18 23 24 26 27 26 11 6 5 3 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 Dec-03 Nov-08 Aug-12 Aug-14 Aug-16 Aug-18 Most/all forms No or partial offence Africa and the Middle East Europe and Central Asia The Americas South Asia 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 Number of victims detected per 100,000 people Number of persons convicted per 100,000 people East Asia and the Pacific No information 8 2 2 11-50 convictions More than 50 convictions 5 1-10 convictions Fig. 101 Trend in number of countries in East Asia and the Pacific introducing a specific offence on trafficking in persons, December 2003-August 2018 Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 102 Number of countries in East Asia and the Pacific, by number of trafficking convictions, 2014-2017 (one year within the period) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Fig. 103 Subregions by their average trafficking in persons’ conviction rates (horizontal axis) and victims’ detection rate (vertical axis), in 2016 (or most recent) Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 70 17/12/2018 19:49:26 71 North and Central America and the Caribbean II in Central America and the Caribbean in 2016 were trafficked for sexual exploitation (87 per cent). Most were females, with women and girls reported in near-equal shares. The few detected victims who were trafficked for forced labour were mainly adults, with men and women detected in similar shares. Children were also trafficked for the purpose of forced begging, for forced criminal activities, and for some forms of illegal adoption. In North America, more than 70 per cent of the victims detected in 2016 were trafficked for sexual exploitation. The majority of them were women, with