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including law enforcement, social service agencies, nonprofit organizations, and, of course, health care facilities to compare strategies and to assess their effectiveness. Research is needed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, and disparities in the web of state criminal and civil laws. The new education and reporting laws discussed herein may well advance all these interests. To help reach that goal, however, adequate funds should be allocated to speed their implementation and to provide for the provision of trauma-informed, culturally sensitive care to victims of human trafficking. Best practices urgently need to be developed, which can then be implemented broadly through both federal and state initiatives. 132 H. G. ATKINSON ET AL. Thirty-three states have yet to pass laws regarding health care provider training and/or reporting regarding human trafficking. These states would benefit greatly from best practices identified in the 17 states at the forefront of legislative initiatives. Stopping human trafficking requires a wide net, carefully cast, by many hands. States whose laws reflect the complexity of the problem will increase their likelihood of success. Since this article was submitted, both Florida bills mandating education about human trafficking died in committee during the 2016 Legislative Session. Notes 1. Congressional Record Volume 160, Number 116, Wednesday, 23 July 2014. Available at: http://www.gpo.gov/ fdsys/pkg/CREC-2014–07-23/html/CREC-2014–07-23-pt1-PgH6704.htm. Accessed 5 April 2015. 2. UN General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10 December 1948, 217 A (III), Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html. Accessed 5 April 2015. 3. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. United Nations Treaty Collection Web Site. 2000. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src = ind&mtdsg_no = xviii-12-a&chapter = 18&lang = en. Accessed 5 March 2015. 4. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106–386), reauthorized by the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2003 (P.L. 108–193), the TVPRA of 2005 (P.L. 109–164), and the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (WW-TVPA) of 2008 (P.L. 110–457) and the TVPRA of 2013 (P.L. 113–4). The TVPRA defines “severe forms of trafficking” as 1) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; and 2) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. 22 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7113 (2000). 5. 22 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7113 (2000). 6. William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008, 22 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7113 (2008). 7. The number 40 in the search formulation directs the search to look for the words “human trafficking” within 40 words of “training” to limit findings and to avoid returning all general criminal laws relating to trafficking. 8. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18–3-505 (2014); FLA. STAT. § 456.013 (2011); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 75–759 (2013); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 46:2161 (2014); MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, § 51A (2008); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 752.974 (2015); MINN. STAT. § 145.4716 (2013); MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004); N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2 C:13–12 (2013), 26:2 H-2 (2013); N.C. GEN. STAT. § 114–70 (2014); TENN. CODE ANN. § 71–1-135 (2012); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.035 (2009); VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, § 2661 (2011); WASH. REV. CODE § 18.71.080 (2009). 9. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 75–759 (2013); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 46:2161 (2014); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 752.974 (2015); MINN. STAT. § 145.4716 (2013); MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004); N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2 C:13–12 (2013), 26:2 H-2 (2013); TENN. CODE ANN. § 71–1-135 (2012); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.035 (2009); VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, § 2661 (2011); WASH. REV. CODE § 18.71.080 (2009). 10. COLO. REV. STAT. §§§§ 16–22-102 (2002), 18–3-505 (2014), 19–3-304 (1993), 19–3-307; MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, §§ 21 (2013), 51A (2008); N.C. GEN. STAT. §§§ 7B-101 (2013), 7B-301 (2013), 114–70 (2014). 11. MINN. STAT. § 145.4716 (2013). 12. LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 46:2161 (2014). 13. MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, §§ 21 (2013), 51A (2008). 14. WASH. REV. CODE § 18.71.080 (2009). 15. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 75–759 (2013); VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, § 2661 (2011). 16. MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004). 17. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18–3-505 (2014) (ordering that education be developed “for organizations that provide assistance to victims of human trafficking, for persons who work in or who frequent places where human trafficking victims are likely to appear, and for law enforcement agencies”); MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004) (ordering the department of public safety to establish education programs for state agencies such as “the children’s division of the department of social services, juvenile courts, state law enforcement agencies, health care professionals, and runaway and homeless youth shelter administrators”). 18. TENN. CODE ANN. § 71–1-135(b)(5) (2012). JOURNAL OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 133 19. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18–3-505 (2014); KAN. STAT. ANN. § 75–759 (2013); LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 46:2161 (2014); MINN. STAT. § 145.4716 (2013); MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004); N.C. GEN. STAT. § 114–70 (2014); TENN. CODE ANN. § 71–1-135 (2012); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.035 (2009); VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, § 2661 (2011); WASH. REV. CODE § 18.71.080 (2009). 20. FLA. STAT. § 456.013 (2011); MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, § 51A (2008); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 333.17066 (2015); N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2 C:13–12 (2013), 26:2 H-2 (2013). 21. MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, § 51A (2008). 22. MICH. COMP. LAWS § 752.974 (2015). 23. MICH. COMP. LAWS § 333.17066 (2015). 24. MICH. COMP. LAWS § 333.17066 (2015). 25. New Jersey’s education course is mandatory for employees of “health care facilit[ies],” which is defined as a “facility or institution whether public or private, engaged principally in providing services for health maintenance organizations, diagnosis, or treatment of human disease, pain, injury, deformity, or physical condition, including, but not limited to, a general hospital, special hospital, mental hospital, public health center, diagnostic center, treatment center, rehabilitation center, extended care facility, skilled nursing home, nursing home, intermediate care facility, tuberculosis hospital, chronic disease hospital, maternity hospital, outpatient clinic, dispensary, home health care agency, residential health care facility, and bioanalytical laboratory (except as specifically excluded hereunder) or central services facility serving one or more such institutions but excluding institutions that provide healing solely by prayer and excluding such bioanalytical laboratories as are independently owned and operated, and are not owned, operated, managed, or controlled, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly by any one or more health care facilities, and the predominant source of business of which is not by contract with health care facilities within the State of New Jersey and which solicit or accept specimens and operate predominantly in interstate commerce” N.J. STAT. ANN. §§ 2 C:13–12 (2013), 26:2 H-2 (2013). 26. COLO. REV. STAT. § 18–3-505 (2014); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 752.974 (2015); N.C. GEN. STAT. § 114–70 (2014); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.035 (2009). States electing the task-force approach designate an individual or agency to be assembled and tasked with providing information, developing trainings, overseeing programs and services, and handling funding to combat trafficking. These laws focus heavily on the actions of the task force or council rather than the targeted training groups. Polaris has spearheaded the task-force approach with their model laws to combat human trafficking. Model Provisions of Comprehensive State Legislation to Combat Human Trafficking. Polaris Project. 2010. Available at: http://www.polarisproject.org/storage/documents/Final_ Comprehensive_ModelLaw__8_2010.pdf. 27. MINN. STAT. § 145.4716 (2013). 28. KAN. STAT. ANN. § 75–759 (2013); MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 119, § 51A (2008); MO. REV. STAT. § 566.223 (2004); VT. STAT. ANN. tit. 13, § 2661 (2011). 29. WASH. REV. CODE § 18.71.080 (2009). 30. MICH. COMP. LAWS § 752.974 (2015) (giving the commission power to provide information and training it “considers appropriate”); TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.035 (2009) (ordering