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Rapporteur Mensenhandel, 2002, Trafficking in Human Beings, First report of the Dutch National Rapporteur. 8 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2016, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016, p. 39. GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 15 17/12/2018 19:49:06 16 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 2009, only 26 countries had a coordinating institution which systematically collected and disseminated data on trafficking cases9 , while by 2018, the number had risen to 6510. Over the years, the development of standards in data collection has been considered by the international community as a key activity to enhance national responses in the field of trafficking in persons. In response, a series of regional and international initiatives focused on improving the data collection for evidence-based policies were carried out11. Measuring the severity of trafficking and the United Nations Development Agenda In 2015, the adoption of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set a renewed development framework, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Improving capacity to deliver reliable data and statistics plays a major role in this context. Each Goal includes indicators to measure improvements towards the agreed targets. SDG target 16.2, for instance, calls upon Member States to end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children. SDG indicator 16.2.2. requests Member States to measure the number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of exploitation. In order to report on this indicator, Member States must have proper trafficking data and defined methodologies to estimate the total number of trafficking victims. In the 2012 edition of the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, UNODC referred to the absence of sound tools to measure the “dark number” of this crime12. Since then, the research community has tested new methodologies to bridge these gaps. The Multiple Systems Estimation methodology, presented in this report on page 34, has generated promising results in different national contexts. 9 Based on the analysis of the sources reported in the UNODC questionnaires collected from the 155 countries covered in the UNODC/ UN.GIFT Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2009. 10 Based on the analysis of the sources reported in the UNODC questionnaires collected from the 142 countries covered in this edition of the UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. 11 Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, 2004, The Siamsect Files: Standardised Templates and Blueprint for EU-wide Collection of Statistical Information and Analysis on Missing and Sexually Exploited Children and Trafficking in Human Being; International Organization for Migration and Austrian Federal Ministry of Interior, 2009, Guidelines for the collection of data on trafficking in human beings, including comparable indicators; International Labour Office and the European Commission, 2009, Operational indicators of trafficking in human beings; Results from a Delphi survey; International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2009, Handbook on Anti-Trafficking Data Collection in South-Eastern Europe: Developing Regional Criteria. 12 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012, page 80 (Sales No. E13.V.1) Other methods, such as victimization surveys using special sampling techniques, have also proved to be of sufficient quality to provide estimates of the number of trafficking victims at local levels13. These methodologies, if properly used, can support Member States to assess their progress in achieving SDG target 16.2. Organization of the Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018 This edition of the Global Report consists of two booklets. Booklet 1 is divided in two chapters. Chapter I describes the global trends in detections of trafficking victims and in the number of convictions for trafficking in persons. Furthermore, the first chapter analyses the profile of the detected victims and forms of exploitation detected globally, the profile of the offenders, as well as the major global trafficking flows. In addition, the chapter provides an overview of the national, institutional response to trafficking in persons in terms of legislation and criminal justice response. Chapter II presents detailed analyses of the trafficking patterns and flows for each of the regions and subregions considered. Booklet 2 of the Global Report presents a special insight on trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict. This part is based on official UN reports, academic literature, case material from international tribunals, and supplemented by interviews with relevant personnel from peacekeeping operations and other practitioners working in conflict zones. Finally, detailed country profiles published as online annexes describe the individual country trafficking situation in terms of national legislation, number of trafficking cases investigated, offenders and their profiles, as well as the profile of the victims detected. The 142 countries covered by the data collection were grouped into four main regions and 10 subregions. The four regions are: Africa and the Middle East; South, East Asia and the Pacific; the Americas; and Europe and Central Asia. Countries in Africa and the Middle East are grouped into two subregions: sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa and the Middle East. Similarly, Asian countries are grouped into two subregions: South Asia, and East Asia and the 13 Zhang, S., Spiller, M.W., Finch, B.K., Qin, Y, 2014, “Estimating Labor Trafficking Among Unauthorized Migrant Workers in San Diego”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653:1 pp. 65 – 86; Zhang, S., Pitts, W.J., Barrick, K., Lattimore, P.K., 2015, “Estimating Labor Trafficking Among Farmworkers: An Inverse Sampling Strategy Based on Reliable Housing Predictions”, Journal of Human Trafficking, 1:2 pp. 117 – 135; GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 16 17/12/2018 19:49:06 17 Introduction Pacific. Countries in the Americas are aggregated in three subregions: North America, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America. Countries in Europe and Central Asia are grouped into the three subregions of Western and Southern Europe, Central and South-Eastern Europe, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. When the data allowed for more detailed analysis, countries were organized into more specific subgroups, such as West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa, North Africa, Middle East, or countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, countries in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus, and countries in Central Asia. Specific footnotes explain the exact composition of the different geographical aggregations used in the text. The main time period covered by the data collection for this edition of the Global Report is 2014-2016. A limited number of countries provided information for the year 2017. The data analysis and presentation often employ data collected for years before 2014 in order to discern longer-term data trends. Most countries reported data for the year 2016. Annual patterns and flows at the regional and global levels were derived by using “2016 (or most recent)” as reference year, meaning that, for the countries where 2016 data were not available, the most recent data from the period covered were used (2017, 2015 or 2014). The text refers to ‘men’ and ‘women’, meaning people aged 18 or above, while ‘girls’ and ‘boys’ refer to children aged under 18. A methodological annex including a detailed presentation of the data used for this report is published on the UNODC website at: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/ glotip.html Regional and subregional designations used in this report Source: UNODC elaboration of national data. Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The boundaries shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. North America Central America and the Caribbean South America Central and South-Eastern Europe Western and Southern Europe Eastern Europe and Central Asia North Africa and the Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Countries and territories not covered Africa and Americas the Middle East Europe and Central Asia South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific GLOTiP_2018_BOOK.indb 17 17/12/2018 19:49:07 18 GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2018 WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Lichtenstein Luxembourg Malta