Bio-Nanotechnology and its Role in Agriculture and Food Industry

• 1. Name : Dr. Arijit Chakraborty

  2. Date of birth : 02.01.1962

  3. Nationality : Indian

4. Educational Qualification: B.Tech. in Textile Technology, M.Tech (Hons) in Textile Chemistry, Ph.D. (Tech) in Applied Physics.

5. Professional Member: FIE (IEI), FTA, Charter Engineer (Royal Charter), MISC (France)

6. Awards and Prizes: Recipient of Best Research Paper Gold Medal, The Dr. Triguna Charan Sen Gold Medal, The Glory of India Gold Medal, Shiksha Rattan Award and EET CRS Best Researcher Gold Medal.

7. Work experience:

* Industry – 4 Years

* Research – 16 Years

* Teaching – 13 years

8. Present Designation: Associate professor in Textile Technology, Govt. College of Engineering and Textile Technology, 12 William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal, Pin- 712201, India

9. Area of Specialization: Fibre Science, Textile Chemistry & Nano Technology

10. Present Research Interests: Application of Image processing in Textiles, Nano Functional Finishing, Synthesis of Ecofriendly Azo Dyes, Medical textiles and Preparation of Herbal Bionano Composite for Therapeutic Effect on Cancer Cells.

11. Subjects teaching at

* Under Graduate Level – Textile Fibre and Chemical Processing of Textiles

* Post Graduate Level – Polymer and Fibre Chemistry and Textile Chemicals and Ecology

12. Research guidance:

* Under Graduate - 28

* Post Graduate - 26

* Ph.D - 3 (1- completed, 2- continuing)

13. No. of research paper published in

* National Journals - 56

* International Journals - 44

* Conferences – 27

Total: 127

14. Contribution towards the society: Conducted 24 (Twenty four) Community Development Programs (CDP) not only in the college but also in different parts of West Bengal State in India towards the aim of self employment.

15. Projects carried out: [Completed 04 (Four) projects as Principal Investigator (PI) under Govt. of India]

16. Technology Transfer: [Transferred 02 (Two) technologies from lab to land under Govt.of India between for the benefit of grass root farmers of Sericulture Industry.

17. No of books written: [in collaboration with Netaji Subhas Open University, [under Govt. of India Scheme]

18. Reviewer: (i) Journal of Institution of Engineers

(ii) Journal of Applied Polymer Science

(iii) Journal of Industrial Textiles

(iv) Journal of Clothing and textiles

(v) Bangladesh Textile Today

(vi) Sericologia, France

(vii) Journal of Sericultural Science of Japan

(viii) International Journal of Current Biotechnology

19. PhD Examiner:

(i) Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata

(ii) Calcutta University, Kolkata

(iii) Techno India University, Salt Lake, Kolkata

(iv) Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab

20. Data Auditor of World Bank Project:

(i) University Institute of Technology, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal

(ii) Govt. College of Engineering and Textile Technology, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal.

(iii) Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology, Suri, Birbhum, West Bengal.

(iv) Murshidabad Institute of Engineering and Technology, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal.

Exclusive Interview with World Champion 2018

Dr. Arijit Chakraborty, The world's most influential Superstar in

Bio nanotechnology (Nanotoxicity)

Question: What are your recommendations to improve the standards of journals publishing research articles on Textile Technology?

Answer: There are 42 leading journals publishing research articles on Textile Technology of high standard. These are all peer reviewed referred journals of high standard. To maintain the standard, as per existing norms, the editorial board members including editor of the concerned journal sit together twice in a year (frequency may vary journal to journal), exchange their views taking notions from the experts of the subject fields and reorient the modus operand if necessary to maintain the quality of the research paper as per the bench mark set by them from time to time. Being a member of a couple of journals, I can say through my experience that since last five years the board members are continuously working hard for the improvement of the quality of the journal by publishing the high standard papers. The net outcome of this TQM (Total Quality Management) is not only the ultimate enrichment of the journal(s) itself but also the advancement of knowledge which helps in a much better way to the affluent sections of the researchers, academicians and industry as a whole.

Therefore, my recommendation is to maintain the quality of the journal through publication of high standard research work by maintaining TQM.

Question: What are your recommendations to improve syllabus of Textile Technology for more creativity, applications and opportunities?

Answer: It is a continuous process and the Textile Institutes are having Industry-Institute interaction forum, there itself the discussions are made as per the guideline of AICTE (All India Council of Technical Education), the necessary changes are made in the syllabus of Textile Technology to maintain the overall standard as a whole and sent to the University for approval of the proposed new syllabus so that the passed out students can fit themselves not only in the industry but also in the research and academics in future.

Therefore, my recommendation is to formulate and reorient the syllabus as per need based manner as the global customers choice is changing drastically with the passage of time.

Question: What are Medical textiles and what are its applications?

Answer: Combination of Textile technology and Medical Sciences has resulted into a new field called Medical Textiles. Medical textiles are textile products and constructions for medical applications. Medical textiles are also known as Healthcare Textiles. Textile materials that are used in medical applications include fibres, yarns, fabrics and composites.

Applications

• Non-implantable materials

• Wound dressing, related hydrogel and nonwoven/knitted/embroidery-based composite products

• Bandages: Simple, Light support, Compression, Orthopaedic bandages, Gauges

• Surgically implantable bio-textile products

• Vascular grafts (fabricated by knitting, nonwoven, electro-spinning)

• Sutures (mono/multifilament, braided)

• Heart valves (knitting)

• Extra-corporeal materials (Tissue engineered products)

• Cartilage (nonwoven, 3D weaving)

• Skin (nonwoven, knitting, weaving)

• Liver (Rapid prototyping)

• Kidney, Urinary bladder (nonwoven, 3D weaving)

• Tendons, ligaments (mono/multi-filaments, braiding)

• Cornea (Electro-spinning, knitting, hydrogel-based composite)

• Healthcare and hygiene products

• Surgical gowns, Masks, wipes

• Specially designed bed sheets for critically ill patients

• Antibacterial, Antiviral Textiles

• Insecticidal textiles for controlling infectious diseases (smart mosquito net)

• Super absorbent polymers

• Dialysis membrane, hernia mesh

• Adhesive, anti-adhesive patches for post operative surgical application

• Soluble factor release (Drug, Hormone, Growth factor delivery), Enzyme (Matrix

Metalloprotease, proteases etc.) attached on fibrous materials

• Stimuli-sensitive and injectable hydrogels, phase change materials

Question: What’s new adventures/ innovations, you expect world will see in fabric, Textile Technology in near future?

Answer: In near future the following new innovations I expect world will see in fabric (Textile Technology)

• The textile fabric apart from apparels will be used to harvest energy which will

be the only solution of today’s energy crisis.

• Textile material will be the only source for the production of Extra-corporeal materials

(Tissue engineered products) which will be used for body organ transplantation. Patient need

not to depend on to the donors.

• Future Textile Apparels i. e. Smart Textiles will surely feel the feeling of human anatomy (body) and act accordingly to maintain feel good environment within the body itself.

• Future Textile Apparels i. e. Smart textiles will not become dirty and will surely say Good Bye to the Dry cleaners because the more you will wear the more it will clean which is called Reverse Mechanism and this will be due to the blessings of Nano Bio Textile Technology (NBTT).

• A single apparel will be used as multifunctional material i.e. the apparel what is used by a person in plain land can also be used in Himalayan Ranges.

• Last but not the least, Bio Textile Material (BTM) will be one of them which will not only generate epoch making functional effect towards the curing of cancer by restricting the fraying out of the cancer cells through enveloping-trapping and killing mechanism with the help of controlled drug delivery.

Question: What are your recommendations to circumvent nanotoxicity in medical applications?

Answer: Oxidative stress results from imbalances in the redox state of the cell. The redox state is disturbed by ROS (Reactive Oxygen species) production in response to nanoparticle exposure and/or nanoparticle-induced inflammation cascade. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have recognized the central role of oxidative stress in mediating nanotoxicity and therefore, the approach of preventing oxidative stress is an ideal strategy in circumventing it.

• One possible way to prevent oxidative stress-mediated nanotoxicity is the introduction of ascorbic acid upon nanoparticle (NP) exposure. By inducing ascorbic acid into AgNP-treated acute myeloid leukemia cells there is a complete decrease in ROS production in the cells. Concomitantly, ascorbic acid also led to a decrease in AgNP-induced mitochondria damage, apoptosis and DNA damage, reducing the toxic effects induced by AgNPs. Similar mitigation of ROS generation and glutathione depletion were also observed when ascorbic acid was added to human lung epithelial (A549) cells treated with nickel ferrite nanoparticles (26 nm diameter). An in vivo Drosophila melanogaster study has also shown a decrease in nanotoxicity when ascorbic acid was supplemented in the diet of Drosophila exposed to AgNPs. In vivo studies with rats have further revealed that acute oxidative stress and inflammation induced by ZnO nanoparticles of particle size 21 nm were alleviated when 1% aqueous ascorbic acid was given as drinking water. Hence, the administration of ascorbic acid after nanomaterial exposure is a feasible strategy to overcome nanotoxicity, both in vivo and in vitro.

(ii) Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid in many plants and food, is an anti-oxidant having free radical scavenging ability. Quercetin has been found to reduce Fe2O3 naparticles-induced oxidative injury and inflammation by increasing bad phosphorylation and Nrf2 translocation through PI3-K/AKt dependent pathways. In vivo studies have also revealed that TiO2 NPs induced liver and kidney oxidative stress can be circumvented by treatment with Quercetin.

(iii) Surface modification of nanoparticles can also be carried out to decrease nanotoxicity. An example would be the encapsulation of ascorbic acid with poly(L-glutamic acid)-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPPGA) within a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymeric matrix (PLGA/AGNPPGA/ascorbic acid particles). A reduction in ROS generation was observed in HepG2 cells treated with the PLGA/AGNPPGA/ascorbic acid particles as compared to control cells, suggesting that nanoparticles encapsulated with ascorbic acid can reduce oxidative stress in cells, possibly decreasing the nanotoxic effects of nanoparticles.

(iv) Copper nanoparticles coated with polysaccharides such as chitosan have shown to decreasein vitro toxicity and ROS generation, although the modification increased inflammatory responses when administered via lung. Furthermore, Fe2O3 nanoparticles coated with chitosan resulted in a decrease in cellular damage and moderated ROS production, thereby, reducing the cytotoxic effects of the nano particles.

(v) Polymer coatings such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) on super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have also effectively reduced nanoparticle cytotoxicity by reducing ROS formation. The PEG coating blocks ROS interaction with the Fe2O3 nanoparticles of diameter 5 and 30 nm, thus preventing formation of hydroxyl radicals and allowing the cell’s antioxidant defence mechanisms to neutralize ROS before they become toxic.

(vi) The NF-kB, MAPK and P13-K pathways facilitate nanoparticle-induced inflammation and release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNF-, IL-6 and IL-8, leading to cytotoxicity and cell death. With the intention of combating inflammation, the Jun/AP-1 pathway components have been modulated providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Hence targeting these signalling molecules also holds promise as an effective tool to evade/circumvent the inflammation-mediated toxicity, thereby allowing for the development of nanoparticle-based applications in the field of medicine.

Question: What is Textile Technology? What are the major branches in Textile Technology?

Answer: Textile Technology is the study of textile production, processing and its compatibility for the use of common man. It combines the principles of engineering with specific knowledge of textile equipment and processes. This field of engineering draws inputs from various other branches of engineering like mechanical, chemical, instrumentation, computer, structural, electronic engineering. Textile Technology deals with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fibre, textile and apparel processes, its products and machinery. These include natural and manmade materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation and waste and pollution control. There is wide scope for research in this area as the industry demands the need to improve currently available products and develop new ones.

Major branches in Textile Technology

• Textile Engineering (Mechanical Processing of Textiles)

• Textile Chemical Processing (Textile Chemistry)

• Fibre Science and Technology

• Technical Textiles

Question: What are your views on herbal bionanocomposites for therapeutic effect on cancer cells?

Answer: They are ecofriendly in nature and nontoxic. They are also having very good potential towards the therapeutic effect on cancer cells. We are actively engaged in the synthesis of the herbal bionano composite and trying to study the structural characterization so that while applying on to the cancer cells their mechanism of action can be decoded and we are also in a mode of enveloping the cancer cell so that their progress in the development can be confined first and also to know the degluing and disintegrating mechanism of the same in order to maintain the stickiness within the cells during development can be maintained. They are very much promising and result oriented.

Question: What are your recommendations to frame guidelines on funding of research projects on Textile Technology?

Answer: (i) If the Research is a basic one, the proposal or the thrust area of research should

highlight the expected outcome which can be a highly beneficial one towards

the mass scale for the production of apparels/industrial fabric or

smart/intelligent textiles.

(ii) If it is an applied research, then the trust area should highlight the development

of product with specific expected Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) along with the

Break Even point (BEP).

Question: How can universities produce revolutionary PhD and Post Doc thesis and dissertations on Textile Technology? What are your recommendations to improve the academic standards?

Answer:

1st question

(i) By selecting and realizing the problems associated with the grass root people

and searching for its amicable technical solution through proper systematic design of experiments

(ii) By selecting acute problems associated with the industry and searching for its

easy and handy solution through well designed research works

(iii) By selecting the acute problems related to health and hygiene and searching

for its solution

so that the technology can be transferred from lab to land with greater adoptability index.

2nd question

(i) By generating the passion/dedication and sincerity not only within the

students/researchers but also within the academicians through constant

motivation and appreciation

(ii) By fixing the benchmark with respect to quality and to attain the same through constant monitoring with the improvement in the forward and backward linkage mechanism.

Question: How can students seek job and career opportunities in Textile Technology?

Answer: Through on campus and off campus interviews students can seek job. Nowadays in each college Training and Placement Cells are there to look after the industrial training of the students and also for the placement. At present, the placement record of Textile Technology students is 100% which is significantly higher than any other core engineering branches.

Question: What job titles are available in Textile Technology?

Answer:

• Medical textile engineer

• Process engineer

• Operations trainee

• Quality control officer

• Process improvement engineer

• Technical sales executive

• R&D officer

• Technical officer

• Shift In charge

• Manager

In Govt. or Semi Govt. Organizations the students having M.Tech or PhD in Textile Technology can join as

• Scientist B

• Asistant Director

• Development Officer

• Technical/Probationary Officer

Question: Which are Typical employers in Textile Technology?

Answer: Textile giants like

• Arvind Mills Ltd.

• Bombay Dyeing

• Raymond’s

• Fab India

• Grasim Industries

• Digjam

• OCM Woolen Mills

• Aloke Industries

• Welspun

• Reliance

• Mysore Silk Industries

• Clariant

• Wool Research Association

• IWS

• Vradhaman Spinning

In Govt. and Semi Govt.

• Central Silk Board

• Directorate of Sericulture

• Directorate of Handloom and Textiles

• Bank

• LIC

• CSIR/CIRCOT etc.

Question: Please provide comprehensive list of journals in Textile Technology?

Answer: 1. AATCC Review

2. American Dyestuff Reporter & Textile Chemist and Colorists

3. Applied Composite Materials

4. Biomaterials

5. Carbohydrate Polymers

6. Cellulose Chemistry

7. Coloration Technology

8. Composites

9. Composite Science and Technology

10. Dyes and Pigments

11. European Polymer Journal

12. Fibres and Polymers

13. Geotextiles and Geomembranes

14. Indian journal of Fibre and Textile Research

15. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

16. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology

17. Journal of Applied Microbiology

18. Journal of Apparel and Textiles, Technology and Management

19. Journal of Applied Polymer Sciences

20. Journal of Coated Fabrics

21. Journal of Composite Materials

22. Journal of Industrial Textiles

23. Journal of Membrane Science

24. Journal of Macromolecular Science

25. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

26. Journal of Polymer Science

27. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

28. Journal of the Textile institute

29. Journal of Textile Engineering

30. Journal of the Thermoplastic Composite Materials

31. Macromolecules

32. Materials Science and Engineering A

33. Polymer

34. Polymer Composites

35. Polymer Engineering and Science

36. Polymers for Advanced Technologies

37. Review of progress in Coloration

38. Sericologia

39. Textile Research Journal

40. Journal of Sericulture Science of Japan

41. The Indian Textile Journal

42. Colourage

43. Asian Textile journal

Interdisciplinary Journal related to Textile Technology

• International Journal of Current Biotechnology

• International Journal of Biopharmaceutics

• International journal of Biological Macromolecules

• Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology

• Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology

• Journal of Hospital infection

• Biotechnologia Aplicada

Question: What are your recommendations to write a world class research article in Textile Technology? Which issues are major challenges in Textile Technology? What essential components and factors must be there?

Answer: For writing a world class research article in Textile Technology

(i) The author should have specific mission and vision

(ii) The author should explore and identify scientific, technical and social issues

(iii) The author should perform an exhaustive literature review on the particular selected topic and design the experiments accordingly so that it can well befit with the aim

(iv) The author should perform the research work following the formulated design of experiments.

(v) The paper won’t write itself but by planning and preparing well, the writing practically falls into place.

Essential components and Factors

• Title

• Abstract

• Literature Review

• Materials and Methods

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusion

• References

Major challenges in Textile Technology

• Increasing cost of business and production

• Decrease of product price & tight profit margin

• Low value addition

• Reputational crisis for Bangladesh and Industry Bangladesh

• Inconsistent supply of gas and electricity

• Shortage of skilled manpower

• Sloth pace and corruption I public service and bureaucratic red tapes

• Safety and sustainability concerns

• Quick response and adaptability to fast fashion

Question: What are your recommendations to write a world class case report in Textile Technology? What essential components and factors must be there?

Answer: A case report is a description of important scientific observations in textile processing that are missed or undetectable in production trials. This includes a rare or unusual production condition, a previously unreported or unrecognized defects, unusual effects after coloration or response to finishing treatment of textiles like fishy odour. Generally, a case report should be short and focussed with the main components being the abstract, introduction, case description and discussion.

To write a world class case report, the recommendations are:

• Define the subject of the study

• Decide between prospective retrospective research

• Narrow down your research goal: May be Illustrative or exploratory or critical instance case report

• Apply for ethical approval if any

• Plan for time bound term study

• Design your research strategy for case report in detail

• Recruit participant if any

• Conduct study

• Collect the data and go for critical analysis

• Write final case report

Components

Title, Abstract, Introduction, Case description, Discussion and Conclusion

Question: What are your recommendations to write a world class review in Textile Technology? What essential components and factors must be there?

Answer: To write world class review in Textile Technology

• Make sure that you are an expert in Textile Technology and aware about the recent literature on the topic you have in mind

• Consider working with co-authors so that together your expertise in the area is found to be broad and deep

• Read all the review paper that have been published on related topics over the previous two or three decades to make sure that you understand what has been already done and to make sure that there is a gap in the existing reviews.

• After that, You get the idea to frame your review around some question of which the answer is not obvious even to expert researchers in the field.

• Start reading the literature to gather evidence in a systematic way. At some point during this reading you will start preparing the outline for your review paper including figures that combine results from the literature that you have searched through to tell readers something new.

• Know your goal and your audience and it should then be clear what to include in your review and what to leave out.

• Finally, it is time to start writing like any other paper, this will need to have an introduction which explains what has been done before (for example in previous reviews) and what has motivated your review paper. It may have methods and result sections particularly if you have a systematic and quantitative approach to your review or it may be more narrative review divided into sections that help you to tell the story and elucidate the topic. It should certainly have a conclusion section which should change as a result of what you have found and discussed in your review.

Components for narrative review Components for systematic review

• Title 1. Title

• Abstract 2. Informative abstract

• Table of contents 3. Introduction

• Body-structured headings and subheadings 4. Body- Materials & methods

• Conclusion 5. Results

• References 6. Conclusion

7. References

Question: What are your recommendations to improve employment and scope in Textile Technology?

Answer: Recommendations to improve employment and scope in Textile Technology

• Through integrated rural development program (IRDP)

• Through Small Scale and Medium Scale induction development program

• Through training for self employment by setting composite rural training and technical centres (CRTTC)

• Through Catalytic Development Program (CDP) from the Govt. sector

• Through Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP)

• Through product diversification and production of value added product

• Maintaining the balance between horizontal and vertical growth of the industry

Question: Which major challenges do you see to establish India as world leader in Textile Technology?

Answer:

• Increasing cost of business and production

• Decrease of product price and tight profit margin

• Low value addition

• Reputational crisis

• Inconsistent supply of gas and electricity

• Skilled manpower shortage

• Sloth pace and corruption in public service and bureaucratic red tapes

• Safety and sustainability concerns

• Quick response and adaptability to fast fashion

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