This reading “Sharing one skin” by Jeannette Armstrong was giving off information about the Okanagan Tribe which is located in British Columbia. The author talks about how the Okanagan tribes terms and how people are all related to each other. As reading the article about the translation from the Okanagan language to English it doesn’t make sense which was really eye catching. From being born into the family, the language being difficult to understand, being connected with a family that is distant, knowing your responsibilities as a person, this reading made people who are not from the tribe be able to understand how people are all related to one another.

Armstrong, Jeanette. “Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community,” in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds), The Case Against the Global Economy. San Francisco, CA, Sierra Club Books, 1996. Pp 460-470.

In this article by Perry G. Horse explained how Native Americans in the US are slowly being dominated by the white culture, explaining tribal sovereignty, and explaining how being a tribal member works to people who are not Native American. In the beginning of the reading the author talks about how her grandmother was saying how the native people are learning the dominant culture which is the white culture. More down into the reading the author explains how some people don’t know how native tribes identify members in their community or how their systems work. The author explains how American Indian tribes have their own type of government which is why the tribes have the sovereignty. The article changes when the author explains how two hundred years ago the Native American could be able to roam their ancestral lands without any problems, fast forward to 1903 the article explains that the Native Americans were now relocated to their reservations.

Horse, G.Perry. “Native American Identity” in New Directions for Students services, no.109 Spring 2005 pp 61-67.

My first article “Minimizing losses due to pests and diseases” was about the pesticides farmers use today are starting to be mimicked by artificial drugs and chemicals. The article states that “ Using chemicals often leads to health problems, pollution and disturbance of ecological balances (pg 75). The problem with the use of pesticides as said can have a major effect on people but can be beneficial to the crops. As the article switches from what could be damaged from the pesticides it jumps to how farmers experiment with ways to reduce the negative effects of the pests. The farmers try to observe the life cycles of the pest so they could come up with a strategy to disturb their life cycle to reduce their number.

Reijntjes, Coen, Haverkort, Bertus, Waters-bayer, Ann “Common traits of indigenous farming systems” 1992 pgs. 74-81

My second article “Managing flows of solar radiation, water and air” explained how different plants and animals have needs for different kinds of light exposure. “Some plants need full sunlight; ; others prefer shade. Some need high humidity; others prefer air movement.” (pg 70). The difference between certain plants and animals was what the article was trying to explain. Some farmers do a “plant canopy” which is to help save the plants from being killed from the climate they are not used to, this is called “Microclimate Management”. With solar radiation, water, and air this could cause land erosion which is something that is not good for the farmers. But there is a way for farmers to avoid this, by manipulating the flow of water the land gets, could minimize the risk of land erosion. The article gives an example of how Indigenous farmers have developed techniques that combine the natural resources like water, air, and soil to use radiation and water to the maximum, also to protect their livestock and crops from the damaged water flows.

Reijntjes, Coen, Haverkort, Bertus, Waters-Bayer, Ann. "Managing flows of Solar Radiation, Air and Water." Common Traits of Indigenous Farming Systems. Netherlands: Macmillan Education, 1992. pg. 70-74

In my first article “Indigenous farming systems, practices and knowledge: some examples” there was a lot of information about how “Native Inhabitants” in Asia took care of their food and livestock even when the people didn’t have a lot of resources to use like we have today. The main examples the article talked about were Forest Gardens, Shifting cultivation, Transhumant pastoralism, Integrated agriculture - aquaculture, Soil management practices, and Pest management practices. In some parts of the article it explains not only plants but it gives information about rice fields, how they kept their livestock alive and how they used the livestock to not only to have food but to have them so they could fertilize the ground. Moving the animals to different grazing areas during the different seasons (Dry season, Wet season). Fish ponds being a source of irrigation for the plants because of the manure from the livestock and the people to help as I said to fertilize the ground. Chemical fertilizers weren’t really around or would be expensive; they knew how to use what they have.

Reijntjes, Coen, Haverkort, Bertus, Waters-bayer, Ann "Indigenous farming systems, practices and knowledge: some examples." Common traits of indigenous farming systems Netherlands: Macmillan Education, 1992 pgs. 37-48,