Perry G. Horse explains how his grandmother lamented the idea that American Indians were becoming more like white people and less like Indians. Which is the definition of cultural assimilation - a minority or group being made to resemble society's majority group. Horse argues cultural assimilation is not the same as identity. Identity is who we truly are, what we inheireted from our ancestors. Horse explains that identity is ulti-faced and includes elements such as ethnic nomenclature, racial attitudes, legal/political status, cultural change and one's sensibility about what being Native American really is.

Jeanette Armstrong comes from the Okanagan of British, Columbia. The Okanagan's have this belief that they are connected to one and another through the earth. Armstong entertains the idea of comparing mainstream beliefs against her traditional Okanagan ways. In her beliefs there are four main views of ourselves - physical, emotional, thinking-intellectual and the spiritual.

Indigenous people already established in Central and South America were disturbed by environmentalist who were fighting to save the endangered forests and animals, in which the Indigenous people occupied. Like mentioned within the text 'New laws and policies must fully recognize how Indians view their land' which is treating the land like a living being. It is also mentioned that they should be able to govern the land themselves as Indians and Indians only.

Davi's a tribal leader in Brazil has a unique viewpoint of both Indigenous and Western cultures. He shares some of his observations on western wealth, ageing, shopping, cities, global warming, war, work, politics and etc. He critiques the morals and values in which those in Western culture follow and believe in. Highlighting how Western culture is focused primarily on materialistic items. Unlike the Yanomami who are more focused on what is alive.

In Northern New Mexico back in 2015 from between Espanola, Rio Chama, Taos, and Rio Arriba county they suffered a little illegal dumping and littering issues. Consisting of "wadded up papers, dirty diapers and plastic bottles" along with several other items. In efforts to stop this the county’s like Rio Arriba and Taos, have implemented signs where the arroyos and streambeds overflowing with garbage accumulate the most. The empty arroyos and streambeds are full of trash like “old mattresses, discarded refrigerators and clusters of everyday household garbage scattered among sagebrush". As local archaeologist, Anner Baldwin said, "...it's been upsetting to encounter what she describes as a 'phenomenal' amount of illegal trash dumping all around them, including at a large site considered to be ancestral by the nearby Ohkay Owingeh tribe". Adding, " ' It shows absolutely no respect,' she said.". Baldwin then goes on to say she knows it can be hard to get rid of trash because the city pickup rules allow 3 bags or a total of 96 gallons. Which can be expensive so people from these "depresses rural areas are still adjusting old habits to contemporary kinds and quantities of garbage" which is why they drive out and dump at these arroyos. North Central Solid Waste Authority Manager (NCSWAM) Gino Romero said this is a state-wide issue but affects Rio Arriba, particularly. He also stated that " 'Rio Arriba does have one of the most expensive trash systems in the state of New Mexico…' ", where the poverty level also tops 20%. They were hoping to start a recycling program but didn't have the funds. They also stated when trash if left out toxins and hazardous waste gradually leak out of the trash. Bruce Thompson of UNM's water resource program says " improper disposal of household hazardous waste - paint, pesticides, herbicides, automotive fluids and oils - also presents a severe water quality problem. Meanwhile, plastics and other non-biodegradable materials clog up waterways and reservoirs. Asbestos and other chemicals seep from construction waste. Rotten food and animal carcasses send bacteria, including salmonella, dowstream". SInce there are no funds for this because no one pays their trash bills, public land managers rely largely on volunteers for the cleanup of illegal dumping sites. They believe to stop this they must teach the younger people habits such as recycling and the effects of illegal dumping.

More than half of the waste in our oceans is coming from members of ASEAN - the association of southeast asian nations; Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Loas, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. 5 ASEAN members to be exact - China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand. A study by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research found that 90% of the oceans plastic came from 10 rivers, 8 of which are located in Asia. This being because key waterways may or may not have waste management systems. While picking up what has been done, we are essential overlooking the root of the problem. To combat their rising tide of ocean pollution, they suggest working on laws that would effectively work. Those across Asia are now realizing what damage this has not only done to the environment but the financial aspects as well. Bangladesh has now banned plastic bags, India wants to eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022, and China the biggest waste producer, has banned waste imports and pledged to reach a 35% recycling rate across 46 of their cities as of last year, 2020. Incentives and higher taxes of disposable goods may be deterrents to litter. They are also taking the litter like plastic and upcycling them to roads as a partial solution.

In March of 2019, Brazil launched their 1st National plan to combat their marine litter issues. The ocean is responsible for providing about 50% of our planet's oxygen. One of the most pressing impacts of anthropogenic activities on the world's oceans is the issue of marine debris, which is defined as any manufactured or processed solid materials (regardless of size) discarded, disposed of or abandoned that end up in the marine environment. Marine debris, also known as marine litter or garbage, include materials such as plastic, metal, glass, construction materials, paper and cardboard, polystyrene, rubber, rope, textiles, timber and hazardous materials, such as munitions, asbestos and medical waste. A lack of appropriate infrastructure and solid waste management are key contributors, as well. Because of this there are several impacts like, ecological impact includes loss of biodiversity, habitat destruction, chemical contamination, ingestion of debris by aquatic animals and the resulting food chain implications. To address these issues they have 5 goals,

1. Reduce the volume and the impact of land-based marine litter

2. Reduce the volume and impact of marine debris from sea-based sources, including solid waste, lost cargo, fishing gear left behind, lost or discarded and abandoned vessels.

3. Reduce the volume and the impact of solid waste disposed of in coastal areas and in coastal and oceanic waters.

4. Incentivise research, the development of technologies and methodologies to tackle mine litter.

5. Execute actions on environmental education, society engagement, and communication on the impact of marine litter and the need for improved solid waste management

By reinforcing these they hope to make change.