Teen Motherhood In Native Communities

Tayler Martinez : Pueblos of Acoma and Laguna

Tayler Martinez- Final Presentation.webm

My Research


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Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community

Armstrong, Jeanette. “Sharing One Skin: The Okanagan Community,” in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds), The Case Against the Global Economy. San Francisco, CA, Sierra Club Books, 1996. Pp 460-470.

The story “Sharing One Skin” written by Jeannette Armstrong who is from the Okanagan Community speaks upon the connections and different views between her community practices. There are many connections made by the land and the people that bring much explanation to why the earth is the way it is. Their language and traditional ways were important to them in which they taught and used it every day in their daily lives. Which communication is key because it allows them to create good relationships with their community. This makes them stronger as a person and a community so that they come together as one.

Interpretation:

While reading I’ve made connections to “Identity and Responsibility” because in my tradition and cultural ways we ourselves identify with pride of who and where we come from. Also, we each have important roles and responsibilities to take care of during certain times throughout the year. Not only that but I also made connections to “Community: Our One Skin” in which once being part of our community you take pride and involve yourself in all traditional ways. Not only that but we all come together as one to support each other in every way possible and encourage each other to continue to do our cultural doings. By doing so we can further our culture into the incoming generations so that we don’t lose it.

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My Journey: Development and Practice Based Evidence of a Culturally attuned Teen Pregnancy Prevention for Native Youth

Kenyon, DenYelle Baete et al. “My Journey: Development and Practice-Based Evidence of a Culturally Attuned Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program for Native Youth.” International journal of environmental research and public health vol. 16,3 470. 6 Feb. 2019, doi:10.3390/ijerph16030470

In 2019 the rate for Native American teens was almost two and a half times higher than the rate for white teens and also the national average. As well as 2017 there was a massive increase in the birth rate for Native teens. A survey was conducted to reveal the results of the reasons why the percentage was so high in percentage. “Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) results reveal that, compared to their peers, a greater proportion of Native youth reported a cluster of related risk behaviors, including early sexual debut, sex with multiple lifetime partners, dating violence, forced sex, early alcohol use, and early drug initiation and lifetime drug use.” The Northern Plains Native youth have stated teens believe that it’s a woman’s job to be fully aware of birth control. When in reality females are forced and pressured to have sex when demanded by males.

Interpretation:

With this at-risk population, no programs are created for Native teens within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Evidence based Teen Pregnancy Prevention programs list. In 2016 an article was written about the situation upon Native American communities of not having prevention programs with the addition of the challenges they face. While researching with Native Americans researchers keep data within the community because they can not combine it with PBE which is difficult for them. To develop these certain programs it’d take participation from the community members and stakeholders in order for them to be successful. Not only that but to also tie into the indigenous ways such as using culture to develop helpful and useful tools for the program.

Society Does Not Support Teen Pregnancy

Corinna, Heather. "Society Does Not Support Teen Pregnancy." Teen Pregnancy and Parenting, by Lisa Frohnapfel-Krueger, Greenhaven Press, 2010. Current Controversies. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ3010066243/OVIC?u=nm_p_elportal&sid=OVIC&xid=fd48ea09. Accessed 10 Feb. 2021. Originally published as "Preventing Teen Pregnancy: Three Words Most Likely to Make My Blood Boil," Scarleteen, 2009.

Teen pregnancy is viewed in many ways such as good and bad. Others view it as teens are not capable of taking care of a child and succeed as a person. Also, teens are put on the spot to whether they’re going to prevent teen pregnancy. As those who ask for help are provided the help and the knowledge they’ll need. Some present it as a virus going around or avoiding all types of sex will prevent pregnancy. Women of all ages get the harassment or labels put onto them when becoming pregnant or deciding to be a parent.

It seems that older women do not support younger women to become pregnant although both are capable of creating children of their own. Older women do not have the same amount of qualities as a younger woman who is healthier. Although older women will have access to financial resources, co-parenting if necessary, and daycare. These are some of the disclaimers that younger women don’t have access to which creates inequalities between the two. At a young age such as 16, it’s possible that they won’t be able to finish high school due to the many opportunities that are cut from pregnant women. Not only that but there’s less support to help those to finish high school or enter college. Overall any age the parent is without the proper resources they’ll need to have high expectations.

The central issue is the lack of resources, money is put into “preventing teen pregnancy”, but yet there’s no or little effort of daycares in high schools and colleges, there’s little counseling, schooling, and housing. So much money is put to develop fertility therapies for those moving outside their reproductive years but yet so little for those who just become pregnant. Adults make policies for teens without their input or control and then when failed it’s seen as it’s the teens' fault. Such as support is failed, poor sex education, and awful relationships. “Prevent teen pregnancy” is also being influenced in many ways, some of which then creates bias, carelessness, and disrespect. These teens are being doubted who then doubt themselves and feel as if they’re isolated or to further their isolation. Men also are involved in these certain prevention types which is the given rate of sexual violence but yet they’re not educated or getting educated themselves.

Another problem is sexual and reproductive lives are areas where ageism is constantly progressing from adults. “Are we also sure, that as can happen, that older people are not harboring a desire for their children to do as well as them, but not to surpass them? In other words, what if—just what if—a young teen mother really could "have it all"? What if she could be a good parent and finish high school, finish college, have the career she wanted, have all she envisions her life to be? By all means, that scenario might feel mighty frustrating for generations before who did not have the cultural or interpersonal supports or resources to achieve all of that…”

Approaching women who are pregnant does not come clear to the point of women and young women but only towards pregnancy and pregnant women. There always has been a problem with culture, women’s bodies, and reproductive systems that are treated like collective property. These include laws, policies, practices, and initiatives about pregnancy being informed by everyone who is or who will be pregnant. But on the other hand teen pregnancy is not being treated with the same respect. In which “preventing unplanned pregnancy” is also an issue as a sexuality educator who also knows many others don’t understand the reproductive system. They also don’t know most pregnancies are unplanned to some degree but when more people are educated they’ll then know how to approach pregnancy. “If you're still stuck on prevention as an approach, why not try making it about helping teens to prevent unwanted pregnancy or unwanted parenting?” “...help women of all ages to understand what all their possible choices are for their whole lives, to have a good idea of what making any given choice can entail, the possible positives and negatives alike, and how it could impact them and others. What you probably really want to do is to help young people, all people, make choices around sex, pregnancy and parenting which are most likely to result in a happy, healthy life, and the life any given person most wants for themselves and those in their lives. What you also probably want to do is work just as much towards creating a culture of support for those who do become pregnant…"

Interpretation:

This article provided a lot of information on the topic of teen pregnancy in many ways. Such as mentioning that it not only involves females but also males who need to also be educated on their part. Not only that but older women seem to have a better view and perspective on pregnancy. Also, the fact that there are more support systems such as fertility therapies for older women but there’s little for those who are pregnant. When in doubt there should be an equal amount of programs for those who are in need so that it does not create conflict between all ages of women. It was also mentioned that adults who shame or doubt young teen mothers shouldn’t because it only puts them in a position where they’ll want to isolate themselves. A friend of mine tends to feel this way because of the lack of respect she gets from her family. They’ve doubted her which makes her feel as if she isn’t doing enough for herself and her baby. This affects her mental health which is not good because with a bad state of mind she’ll want to give up.

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Introduction to Teen Pregnancy: Contemporary Issues Companion

"Introduction to Teen Pregnancy: Contemporary Issues Companion." Teen Pregnancy, edited by Myra H. Immell, Greenhaven Press, 2001. Contemporary Issues Companion. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ3010085102/OVIC?u=nm_p_elportal&sid=OVIC&xid=3e1ff036. Accessed 10 Feb. 2021.

Teenage pregnancy in the US is a serious issue of concern which statistics show that 900,000 teen pregnancies occur each year, four in ten girls become pregnant at least once during their teenage years. Not only in the US but it’s a problem in many other countries, but so far the US has the highest rates.

It was found that teen mothers find it difficult to complete their education and also face financial problems. “For example, the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy and the National Center for Health reported in the late 1990s that approximately forty thousand teen girls drop out of school each year due to pregnancy. Of mothers between the ages of fifteen and seventeen, 90 percent are not employed and 72 percent are on welfare.

Children on teen mothers are more likely to do poorly in school or drop out entirely. “...the daughters of teen mothers are 22 percent more likely to become pregnant themselves during their teen years, while the sons of teen mothers are 13 percent more likely to end up in jail.” Teen pregnancy not only has an impact on teens and their children but also on American society and the public in general. This has led many experts and concerned citizens to find a way to reduce America’s teen pregnancy rate. Most have agreed upon reducing and preventing teen pregnancies and to do so they’ll have to change teens' sexual behavior. Although Americans don’t agree on virtually eliminating the problem of teen pregnancy. But overall the most effective way to go about teen sexual behaviors is to emphasize the importance of sex education and what should be taught. “Supporters of the abstinence-only movement often favor excluding information about safe sex, which they believe encourages students to become sexually active. Crystal Wright, a spokesperson for the Best Friends abstinence-only group, explains: "We don't talk about contraception. We feel that when you are teaching a child to say no, teaching contraception negates it... What we teach is that if you postpone sex until your high school graduation, or better yet, until marriage, you're going to have a healthier, happier life." They argue upon such programs that disregard the realities of sexual activity among teens and also endanger them by not teaching safe sex practices. They also advocate based sex education programs that provide nonjudgmental information about sexuality, STDs, and contraceptives. In which they also establish school-based health clinics that distribute condoms and other things to students. Youth experts have different approaches to sex education that includes a discussion of the benefits of delaying sexual activity and proper use of contraceptives. “These broad-based sex education programs have been criticized by proponents of abstinence-only methods as encouraging and enabling teens to become sexually active, but researchers have concluded that these programs do not lead to an increase in sexual activity among teens. Researchers do admit that these programs have not been highly successful in reducing teen pregnancy as well as other educational strategies.

Interpretation:

It’s to be seen as sex education is taught in many different ways which can be good and bad. But approaching the topic of teen pregnancy should be viewed non judgmentally and the right way so that teens see the real meaning of it all. They’ve made different approaches and only a few progressed but others seemed to influence teens that sexual activity is okay.As abstinence has created programs to prevent teen pregnancy. Although some of these programs show little progress it is to be seen as something other than nothing because they’re making the effort of solving the problem. Although experts agree that teen pregnancy is an ongoing problem that has not resolved. As said and done there are not enough programs to provide for teen mothers as they take a big step in their lives at a young age. They may not only need financial support but programs that’ll support their mental health and mental state. By doing so I believe these programs will furthermore help those who do not receive the support they need.

President Gerald Ford's Statement On Signing The Indian Self-Determination And Education Assistance Act Of 1975

Joy, Mark S. "President Gerald Ford’s Statement On Signing The Indian Self-Determination And Education Assistance Act Of 1975." Defining Documents in American History: Native Americans (1451-2017), edited by Michael Shally-Jensen, Salem, 2017. Salem Online, online.salempress.com. Accessed 19 Feb 2021.

On January 4, 1975, sponsored by Senator Henry M. Jackson and signed by President Ford was the bill Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act. This was “a milestone” said Ford which includes Indian tribes to operate with federal programs and receive grants for funding these programs. After the civil rights movement and the nationalist revolutions, many colonial people wanted the right to self-determination in which the US Congress and Americans voiced. This included the native communities to develop and operate programs in which they’ll also have grants to support these programs. These benefit the natives by being employed within these operations. Not only that the Indian Education Assistance Act gave the native communities funds for their children in public schools. This also provided better usage towards the educational need for them. Overall this affected the natives precisely to better their communities which helped them reach their goals.

Interpretation:

This article provided me with information about the bill that helped the native people increasingly to get a voice from them and to provide for their children's education. Such as the Congressman who came to the realization that there are little to no voices from the native people within many programs. So forth they’ve provided many grants and funding towards the native families for employing them into the operations of their community. Also, that funding went towards their children's education needs. Overall this bettered the communities positively and assisted them to strengthen their tribal governments and fully fund their programs.

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American Indian and Alaska Native Maternal and Mortality: Challenge and Opportunities

Truschel, Lucy, and Novoa, Cristina. “American Indian and Alaska Native Maternal and Infant Mortality: Challenges and Opportunities.” Center for American Progress, 5 Dec. 2018, www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/news/2018/07/09/451344/american-indian-alaska-native-maternal-infant-mortality-challenges-opportunities/. Accessed 20 Feb 2021.

A home visiting nurse who provides home support services for families during pregnancy and a child’s early years sees that it’s difficult for urban American Indians to have access to care and support. These individuals feel that they’re being mistreated due to the historic event of genocide, forced migration, and cultural erasure. “Today, the AI/AN community feels this legacy most acutely in problems like high rates of poverty, housing challenges, job discrimination, and social isolation.” Which causes stress on a pregnant woman this increases problems on their health and risk of maternal and infant mortality. Natilie also knows that few have a vehicle and gas money to get regular care services not only that but none have access to child care to those who want to work and attend school. Geographically in urban areas American Indian and Alaska Native mothers were 4.5 times more likely to die from pregnancy and childbirth causes. Infants of AI were about twice as likely to die by their first birthday compared to non-Hispanic white infants. “...with the most common causes being congenital malformations, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and prematurity. More worrying still, the American Indian and Alaska Native infant mortality rate remains unrelentingly high; between 2005 and 2014, it was the only racial or ethnic group that did not experience a decline in infant mortality.” AI/AN are overlooked in public health research because they’re dropped in national reports and medical records are plagued by racial misreporting and racial misclassification. Physicians and coroners are the ones to report death certificates and report individuals as white. Not only that AI/AN infant and maternal mortality show smaller numbers which are decreased of official rates which makes them uncounted and underestimated. Overall this makes research and data difficult which all leads to little information and poor delivery and birth outcomes. The only research that exists is the role of health care, affordable, high-quality care.

They’ve faced many barriers to good quality health care compared to the non-Hispanic white population that is more than twice as likely to lack medical insurance in which almost half of NA avoided medical attention due to its costs. Not only that but Indian Health Services is underfunded where facilities lack services such as emergency departments. 8% are pediatricians of IHS providers in which there are long waits for appointments for non-IHS programs. One mother's doctor rushed her during her appointment and once reported her doctor left her waiting 3 hours in the waiting room. Not only that but families of AI/AN are fortunate to have insurance and access to medical care within the healthcare system but still face discrimination. A mother who is a member of the Hidatsa tribe took her son to the hospital to care for his broken arm in which the doctor did not want to do anything for them despite them having an insurance card. One-quarter of NA experience racial discrimination while visiting a health clinic in which 15% avoid seeing a doctor. With this challenge, AI/AN mothers are 2.5 times more likely to have no prenatal care or receive late. Due to this, all organizations are creating programs that address high maternal and infant mortality by collecting data and in-depth assessments.

This includes communities that have programs regarding their culture in which they support women and their families during and after the pregnancy. Such as Family Spirit that is a home visiting program to improve maternal depression and correlate maternal and infant mortality. They also include transportation to all appointments and other community events. As well as California’s American Indian Infant Health Initiative who provides great services to women and infants throughout the first five years. Not only that but provide a birth coach who helps mothers advocate for birth plans to reflect upon their personal, spiritual, and cultural needs. Also, provide information to teach families about healthy cultural child development and help families apply for medical insurance.

Interpretation:

Knowing that my people (Native Americans) can not receive medical attention when needed through doctors who discriminate against them is upsetting. It shouldn’t matter where you’re from, everyone should receive those services when necessary. My connection to this article is our Pueblo has a program called WIC in which helps those mothers in need with supplies and food products for their children. Not only that but before the pandemic they’d have classes for the soon-to-be moms and with the mothers who want to join their program. This is beneficial not only for the mothers but also their families because they are receiving food funds for them as well not just for the child.

As Kenya Keeps Schools Shut, Teen Pregnancies Are Rising

National Public Radio, Inc. "As Kenya Keeps Schools Shut, Teen Pregnancies Are Rising." Weekend Edition Sunday, 9 Aug. 2020, p. NA. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632120698/OVIC?u=nm_p_elportal&sid=OVIC&xid=c1ea1bbf. Accessed 10 Mar 2021.

Since the pandemic has begun all boarding school students have been sent home back in March 2020. During this time many struggled to acclimate to being an online student but in Kenya, there was no in-person class or virtual class which led to classes supposedly restarting in January. But sadly the government is making these children repeat a grade due to the lack of being in school. Zuleika Daffala who is a community activist says she receives calls about the young girls because during this time teen pregnancies have risen due to the fact that parents are out working while their children stay home. NPR’s byline Eyder Peralta says “Most people here live off a dollar or two a day. If they don't work, they don't eat. Daffala says she is getting daily calls from desperate parents. Kids had goals. Now the government is making them repeat a grade, and they are despondent. Parents call her about their girls… Since the county locked down for the coronavirus, counties have reported thousands of teenage pregnancies.”

He’s also spoken to Jackline Bosibori, a seventeen-year-old girl who attended a boarding school but was home due to the coronavirus. She had a lot of free time on her hands so she decided to hang out with her boyfriend and weeks later she found out she was pregnant. Her mother was very upset because they’ve planned Jackline to become a lawyer to help her family out of poverty but with the change in plans, her dream may not come true. They now struggle with the real questions of “Will her mom be able to watch the baby and work to feel the family? Can she pay school fees?” She believes that she would go back to school but studies say 1 in 10 girls ever go back to school. Interpretation:

Teen pregnancy is talked about very little in which no one thought be important. Also, no one would’ve thought that this pandemic would’ve happened as a result the topic of teen pregnancy should’ve been addressed before and throughout this time. But apparently, it has not because now teen pregnancy has risen in numbers because teens are stuck in their homes with no parental supervision. It is not surprising that the numbers have grown during this time because many teens are not educated enough about this topic.

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In Texas, Abstinence-Only Programs May Contribute To Teen Pregnancies

National Public Radio, Inc. "In Texas, Abstinence-Only Programs May Contribute To Teen Pregnancies." Morning Edition, 5 June 2017. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A494526246/OVIC?u=nm_p_elportal&sid=OVIC&xid=daad3067. Accessed 10 Mar 2021.

Nationwide teen pregnancy rates have declined which is 1 out of 45 young women. But researchers have found that in some places birth rates are still higher than the national average. Such as in Texas that is considered a hot spot for teen pregnancy. The story about Jessica Chester brings much attention to where she attended school and what kind of education there was available for those teenagers. Chester attended high school in north Texas where she wanted to become a doctor, was top of her class, and had a full-tuition scholarship to UTD. It wasn’t until before her senior year of high school when her pregnancy test resulted positive. Her mother and grandmother were also teen mothers once themselves. NPR’s byline Lauren Silverman says, “Every year in Texas about 35,000 young women have babies before their 20th birthdays. Teen birth rates are typically highest where education levels are low and poverty is high. But a new study co-authored by Dr. Julie Caesar shows there's more at play.” Dr. Caesar says they’ve found 10 centers where teen birth rates are much higher even when the variables poverty and education are removed. Most of them were found in Texas such as Dallas and San Antonio that had rates of 50 and 40 percent above the national average. The CEO, Gwen Daverth, of Texas Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy says the numbers are high because of the policy and not so towards promiscuity.

Not only that but the state overall is restrictive when coming to health care such as a 17-year-old mother needs a parent's permission to receive prescribed birth control. Chester was not given any type of counseling and did not know where to go for help. She became pregnant again during the time she was a full-time student at UT, double majoring in molecular biology and business administration. Overall the education she never received was sex ed. The high school she attended and like most high schools they only teach abstinence-only or don’t offer sexual education. Although there are options for these young moms and crisis pregnancy centers they don’t teach education about contraception. Silverman says, “Most teen parents don’t finish high school and just 2 percent go on to graduate from college.” Although there is much information online yet there’s a gap of information missing when it comes to preventing pregnancy. Silverman states, “But the information gap is real in Texas. Here nearly 85 percent of high schools teach abstinence-only or don't have any sexual education at all. And there are some districts that seem to be adopting this sort of third-way approach called abstinence plus which still encourages abstinence, but it also includes information on pregnancy, prevention, and STDs. But still, in Texas, abstinence-only education is king.” When providing sexual education, a lot of places are focusing on access, such as making access to contraception easier and meeting with teen moms in hospitals or doctors' offices. In South Carolina, young women who have babies and are on Medicaid, this is health insurance for lower-income people, they've offered a long-acting form of birth control right after they give birth. Colorado also provides long-acting birth control and both abortions and teen birth rates are dropping much faster than the national average.

Interpretation:

Knowing that only a few schools provide sex education for many teens is such a questionable topic. Many people wonder why the teen pregnancy rates are high but they don’t know that the school their child attends does not provide the education they need. Not only that but there’s little support during and after the birth of a child for young women. In these cases many struggle with their lives of being a teen and a mother.

Image Citations

Image 1 : Personal image. 2019

Image 2 : Personal image. 2020

Image 3 : Vectorstock.com: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vectors/abstinence-symbol-icon-vectors, Accessed: May 5, 2021.

Image 4 : Personal image 2019

Image 5 : Personal image 2019