Understandings:
• Activation energy (Ea) is the minimum energy that colliding molecules need in order to have successful collisions leading to a reaction.
• By decreasing Ea, a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without itself being permanently chemically changed.
Applications and skills:
• Description of the kinetic theory in terms of the movement of particles whose average kinetic energy is proportional to temperature in Kelvin.
• Construction of Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves to account for the probability of successful collisions and factors affecting these, including the effect of a catalyst.
James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann both discovered the kinetic theory of gases independently during the middle of the 19th Century.
They proposed not only identified gases as constantly moving particles that move rapidly and in random directions. They also proposed that in a given volume Particles will travel at different speeds - some traveling at high speeds, some at low speeds but the majority traveling at an Average Speed.
To illustrate this they developed the below diagram showing how Energy is distributed in gases.
The above diagram shows how the energy is distributed in a given volume of gases at a constant temperature. Here we can observe that:
Higher Temperature Reaction systems are represented by T2 on the Maxwell-Boltzmann Curve above.
At Higher Temperatures you can observe that:
Lower Temperature Reaction systems are represented by T1 on the Maxwell-Boltzmann Curve above.
At Lower Temperatures you can observe that:
When a catalyst is added to a system you should understand that the Activation Energy for the reaction is Reduced.
This would mean that the Activation Energy Line would move to the LEFT on the curve and be labelled as ECAT
This would increase the number of particles with E>EA and this is shown by the GREY shaded area on the above Maxwell-Boltzmann Curve
Therefore, as a greater number of particles have E>EA a greater frequency of successful collisions occurs when using a catalyst