Egyptians used hieroglyphics to communicate in writing. Instead of letters, they used pictures that show ideas, objects, or sounds. Reading the hieroglyphs together would form sentences that Egyptians understood. Archaeologists were able to decipher these hieroglyphs after the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. This stone was written in Egyptian hieroglyphs and Greek writing. Because scientists and scholars knew Greek, they were able to translate the Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Papyrus (paper) was made from the papyrus plant. This plant grew along the Nile River banks. Papyrus was used for important documents.

Ancient Egyptians were great astronomers. They were able to navigate the skies. They were able to predict the moon's, stars', sun, and planets' movements. Egyptians were skilled mathematicians. They were able to calculate fractions, decimals, and solve problems with geometry. Egyptians were able to build great monuments like the Sphinx and Great Pyramid with these skills. Through the process of mummification, Egytians were able to master the human anatomy and its vital organs. They called the heart the most important organ. They called the heart's pulse the heart's voice. Medicines made from plants and minerals were used by ancient Egyptian doctors. They were also able to set broken bones.

Egyptians built great monuments. They built the pyramids as temples for the departed pharaohs. They built buildings with great columns. The Sphinx was an impressive statue. These amazing structures were able to be built thanks to their understanding of math concepts. They used the "Golden Ratio" to build. The Golden Ratio is a formula that allows engineers to make proportions accurate and look good. Egyptians also created art called frontalism. Frontalism is when the head  and legs are drawn in profile form, while the chest, arms, and shoulders were drawn facing the front. Most portraits were created for religious purposes.