Embedded Files
投稿日: 2018/04/26 1:50:04
*If you would like to print the whole content (except links to related documents) of this page, you can download the PDF file at the bottom of this page; in Japanese, here. Related information is also available on UTokyo BiblioPlaza.
My book, An Anthropology of Images (『イメージの人類学』, in Japanese), has been published by Serica Shobo, in April 2018. The objective of this book is to reinvent theoretical framework of "sociocultural" anthropology in a rather unorthodox -I admit it- but coherent way, and to make, from this perspective, a broad survey of anthropology's past (during the 20th century), its present (since 1990s) and its future possibilities.
Unorthodox it is, indeed. I begin this book by proposing to subtract -following Gilles Deleuze's idea in Superpositions- the very concepts of "culture" and "society" from sociocultural anthropology, and to see closely what happens (*1). After laying down the guiding lines of my argument in the chapter 1, I first look into the relationship between ethnographic fieldwork and the concepts of "culture" and "society" in the two following chapters. It is only after examining this essential element of anthropological practice that I slowly develop two key concepts of the book, "image" and "body social"; my argument is that anthropological thinking will gain much more flexibility, sharpness and width if we substitute "culture" and "society" with these concepts. Of course, in order for this to make sense, the two terms, "image" and "body social", must be carefully and thoughtfully defined: thus, in the chapters 1 and 4, I analyze the elusive term of "image" and eventually redefine it as a combined process of "de-imaginization" and "re-imaginization" (*2); and in the chapter 4, I introduce the idea of "body social" by transforming Hobbes' "body politic" and connecting it with Spinozist idea of body (corpus) -which is necessarily social.
*1 I explained this idea of subtraction -as well as some other ideas contained in this new book in Japanese- in Alternative Art and Anthropology edited by Arnd Schneider, Bloomsbury, 2017 (Chapter 7, "Theories in images: Tadashi Yanai in conversation with Arnd Schneider"; see here) .
*2 As it is clear, I have invented these awkward termes by imitating, formally, Deleuze and Guattari's idea of "deterritorialization" and "reterritorialization". The theoretical necessity of this invention, however, derives from elsewhere: Lévi-Strauss, William Labov, Lev Vygotsky, and recent developments in neuroscience (chaps. 1 and 4; see also several figures below). Actually, even our perception (of vision, hearing, etc.) is already de-imaginized and re-imaginized (for example, neurologically speaking, an apple as a material object is not red nor exactly round: it is only in our brain that it becomes red and round).
I should add, however, that the real mood of the book is far from this skeletal -and too rapid- explanation. In fact, I am convinced that my argument there is such a concrete and ethnographically-conceived one that most readers can follow it without much effort. It is because "images" and "body social" -as I define them- are those things which are immediately perceived and lived by anthropologists doing their ethnographic fieldwork (whereas "culture" and "society" are never there in the field - they are products of abstraction or secondary elaboration on the desk). And importantly, as I argue in the chapter 2, Bronislaw Malinowski alreadly knew this when he admirably invented the idea of "imponderabilia of the actual life" (Argonauts of the Western Pacific); so was Robert Flaherty when he filmed Nanook of the North in such an ingenious way. Bateson and Mead's Balinese Character can also be recalled. Thus, starting from these pioneers, we can trace a different history of anthropology -that of an "anthropology of images"- up to the present and after. Is this perhaps too bold or disrespectful? But the truth is that the impulse for this thinking did not come from my caprices: I was forced to abandon the concepts of "culture" and "society" because of my fieldwork experiences in Peruvian Amazon under terrorism -in late 1980s- (cf. chap. 5) and with the Mapuche in Chile under neoliberalism -in early 1990s- (chap. 3). This book is a result of my prolonged reflections since then, which has taken no less than 30 years.
Once the refurbished framework is given, in the second half of the book I propose to look at many of important ethnographic or anthropological themes of the past and the present, and intend to establish meaningful dialogues with them. In this part, I have found some lines of thought in contemporary anthropology of nature and body (Descola, Viveiros de Castro, Latour and Ingold) especially fruitful: I find the idea of "anthropology of images" resonates fairly well with them. So it is among these resonances that I study diverse ethnographic examples (from the chapter 6 to chapter 9), trying to get new insights for the anthropology of our times. More concretely, I have found Descola's fourfold scheme (animism, totemism, analogism and naturalism) quite inspiring to organize these chapters, even though, finally, I had to take the liberty of adapting it to the necessity of this book. Thus, for my own purpose, I discuss about "dynamism" (cf. van Gennep) instead of "totemism", and "the objectified 'nature'" instead of "naturalism"; and these four "visions of nature" (*) are not structured -as in Descola's theory- but simply juxtaposed, penetrated with each other, and "framed" one inside another (cf. Bateson) - I suggest this "framed" relationship, along with its possibility of inversion (from inside to outside and vice versa) is an important idea for the anthropology of -or around- the modern (chap. 8).
* I say "visions of nature", but surely I am not stressing "vision" as a particular sense. Here the term is meant to have its most inclusive sense. Suffice it to say that animals have developed their sense of vision from the sense of touch in their evolution: vision and touch are inseparable. In other words, "vision" is, as Deleuze and Spinoza thought, a shorthand of "the system of attitudes of a body for affecting -and being affected by- other bodies".
Although this is a theoretical book, I have included many examples of ethnographies and documentary films to make sure that theory and image go always together. I am one of those who believe that each strong ethnographic description -its image- is, potentially, theory (or image-theory). Or, in fact, it is more than that. In the latter part of the chapter 8 and the chapter 9, I refrain from theorizing from above and turn to the method of montage of ethnographic examples. This is also a practical decision: given that ethnographies since around 1990 have come to cover such a vast range of subjects, problematics and ideas, I have thought this kind of montage of ethnographic images permit us to sense better the real potentialities of contemporary anthropology. Finally, in the concluding chapter, I reinterpret these four visions of nature and transform them into four visions about time; and I re-imagine anthropological practice as a practice of future, or of repetition of future (Deleuze).
I have conceived this to be a book open to everyone, and not just for professionals. With this in mind, I have constructed my argument from the ground up, like in a book of mathematics, so that any reader can follow my argument and, more importantly, understand this important way of thinking called anthropology (I gladly admit that, after all, the idea of "anthropology of images" count less than anthropology itself, both for me and for the book). My ultimate wish in writing this book has been nothing more than this: that any reader could somehow find enjoyment in each page of the book, as it occurs in those marvelous films of Carl Th. Dreyer, Victor Erice, Jacques Tati, or Charles Chaplin.
Tadashi Yanai, An Anthropology of Images (箭内匡『イメージの人類学』), 308+v pages, ¥3000 [in Japanese].
Available at Amazon JAPAN.
Contents Chapter and section titles are NOT literally translated.
Introduction: anthropology in mutation ......5
Anthropology since the 1990s
How this book is organized
Essential sources/references (Introduction)
Chapter 1 Toward an anthropology of images......14
1.1 Alterity as essential element
1.2 From "culture" and "society" to "images"
1.3 Image, de-imaginization and re-imaginization
1.4 What are sensory images?: perspective from contemporary neuroscience
Essential sources/references (chapter 1)
[Figure 1] , [Figure 2] (de-imaginization and re-imaginization and image)
Chapter 2 Ethnographic fieldwork: Malinowski revisited......39
2.1 Becoming-other
2.2 The theory of the imponderabilia
2.3 Malinowski and Flaherty
2.4 From Flahery to Rouch: ciné-anthropology of the imponderabilia
Essential sources/references (chapter 2)
Chapter 3 Ethnographic fieldwork: a case in 1990s......59
3.1 When there is no "core" to adhere to...
3.2 Image-thinkers: ceremonial dialogues of the Mapuche
3.3 Face, back and twists of reality
3.4 Ethnographic field as "field of forces"
Essential sources/references (chapter 3)
[Figure 3] (fields of forces according to Smale and Hirsch)
Chapter 4 Layers of image experiences......81
4.1 From Kant to Carpenter: images and space-time
4.2 De-imaginization and re-imaginization: lessons from structuralism
4.3 Micropolitics of re-imaginization: the linguistics of William Labov
4.4 Images, words, letters
Case: Plurality of written image-planes (Scribner and Cole)
4.5 Image-planes and anthropological practice
Case: Conflicts of image-planes in Ancient Greece (Havelock)
Essential sources/references (chapter 4)
[Figure 4] [Figure 5] [Figure 6] [Figure 7] (de-imaginization and re-imaginization in Jakobson, Lévi-Strauss, Labov and Vygostky)
Chapter 5 What is the body social ?......109
5.1 Hobbes and Peruvian Amazon in 1989
Case: Anarchy and sociality - Eastern Peru, 1989
5.2 How the body social is constituted
Case: Body social in Bali (Bateson and Mead)
5.3 Images and words in Mapuche kinship terminology
5.4 Learning/participating the body social
Case: Basic Training (Wiseman)
5.5 Images, forces and the body social
Essential sources/references (chapter 5)
[Figure 8] (de-/re-imaginization and kinship terminology)
Chapter 6 People among Nature......142
6.1 Dynamism: feeling of the Nature's force
6.2 Animism: world in divergence
6.3 Coping with diverse forces in Nature
6.4 Body-toward-war
Case: Dead Birds (Gardner)
Essential sources/references (chapter 6)
[Figure 9] [Figure 10] (dynamism and animism)
Chapter 7 Analogism and the objectified "Nature"......165
7.1 Correspondences in Nature
7.2 Verticality and horizontality
7.3 Analogist economics
7.4 The objectified "Nature"
Case: Tycho Brahe, astronomy and printing
Essential sources/references (chapter 7)
[Figure 11] [Figure 12] [Figure 13] (analogism and objectified "nature")
Chapter 8 Anthropology grappling with the modern......195
8.1 The body social of nation-states
Case: The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (Ford)
8.2 The objectified "society": economics and ontology
8.3 Potentialities of Tardian thinking
8.4 Politics of images, economy of images
Case: Tamil Nadu 1985-1989 (Dickey/Balachander)
Case: Manhattan 1979 (Wiseman)
8.5 "Frames" everywhere
Case: Marseille 1993 (Bromberger)
Case: Emperor Hirohito's death, 1988-1989
Essential sources/references (chapter 8)
Chapter 9 Approaching nature and body today......242
9.1 Toward a new scheme
9.2 Thoughts on 21th-century ethnographic fieldwork
9.3 Disembodiment and re-embodiment
Case: Robert Murphy and his "disembodied" body
Case: John Hull's experience of losing vision
9.4 On the limits of human body
Tim Ingold, "Stop, Look and Listen!"
Deafness and language (Sacks）
9.5 Nature and state: the case of Peru
Case: Yungay 1970-1971 (Oliver-Smith)
Case: Pacchanta 1950-2007 (de la Cadena)
Case: From Cuzco to Madre de Dios 2006-2011 (Harvey and Knox)
9.6 Technology, nature, body: contemporary lines of thought
Case: Normandy 1987-89 (Zonabend)
Case: Internet 2004-2007 (Boellstorff)
Case: Pacific and Atlantic Oceans 2000-2005 (Helmreich)
Case: Canada 2011-2013 (Vannini)
Essential sources/references (chapter 9)
[Figure 14] [Figure 15] (nature and body: classic and contemporary schemes)
Conclusion......294
"Four" visions of Nature
Anthropological intuition
Four temporalities
Between "once" and "once-and-forever"
Essential sources/references (conclusion)
[Figure 16] [Figure 17] [Figure 18] [Figure 19] (four temporalities)
Postscriptum......307
Figures
Chapter 1: Figures 1 and 2 [click on the images to enlarge]
Chapter 3: Figures 3 [click on the image to enlarge]
Chapter 4: Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 [click on the images to enlarge]
Chapter 5: Figure 8 [click on the image to enlarge]
Chapter 6: Figures 9 and 10 [click on the images to enlarge]
Chapter 7: Figures 11, 12 and 13 [click on the images to enlarge]
Chapter 9: Figures 14 and 15 [click on the images to enlarge]
Conclusion: Figures 16, 17, 18 and 19 [click on the images to enlarge]
Essential sources/references for each chapter
Introduction
G. Deleuze, « Un manifeste de moins », in Superpositions, 1977 ... 5
G. Devereux, From Anxiety to Method in Behavioral Sciences, 1967 ... 12
W. Kracke, “Myths in dreams, thought in images,” 1987 ... 12
G. Deleuze, Proust et les signes, 1964; Différence et répétition, 1967 ... 13 [back]
Chapter 1
R. Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 1934... 16
H. Bergson, Matière et mémoire, 1896 ... 21, 37, 38
T. Yanai, “Outline of a Theory of Anthropology of Images,” 2008 [published in Japanese and in Spanish] ... 21-23, 29-30, 38
G. Deleuze et F. Guattari, Mille plateaux, 1980... 24-28, 38
E. Kandel et al. Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed., 2013 ... 31-36 [back]
Chapter 2
B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922... 40-43, 46-49
E. Evans-Pritchard,The Nuer, 1940 ... 44-45
R. Flahery, Nanook of the North [film], 1922 ... 50
R. Flaherty, “The Belcher Islands of Hudson Bay,” 1918 ... 51-52
Films of Jean Rouch, 1947-2002 ... 54-55
S. Murao, T. Yanai and M. Kubo (eds.), Ciné-anthropology [published in Japanese; information in English ], 2014 ... 54-56 [back]
Chapter 3
T. Yanai, "De la totalidad sociocultural al 'Todo sin límites'", unpubl. paper [available in Spanish], 1997 ... 60-64
T. Yanai, “Orality as a Mode of Thought and Existence among the Mapuche, Southern Chile,” [published in Japanese and in Spanish] , 2000 ... 65-70
E. Havelock, Preface to Plato, 1963 ... 67-68
T. Yanai, Mapuche fieldnotes and diary, ms.,1989-92 ... 70-73
T. Yanai, “Remembrance and Repetition,” [in Japanese and in Spanish] 1993 ... 74-75
T. Yanai, "Atravesar 'zonas de indiscernibilidad' de identidades," [published in Japanese and in Spanish] 2002 ... 74-76
S. Smale and M. Hirsch, Differential equations, dynamical systems, and linear algebra, 1974 ... 75-76 [back]
Chapter 4
E. Carpenter, F. Varley and R. Flaherty, Eskimo, 1959 ... 82-86
F. Flaherty, The Odessey of a Film-maker: Robert Flaherty’s Story, 1960 ... 85
C. Lévi-Strauss, La pensée sauvage, 1962 ... 87-88
R. Jakobson, Six leçons sur le son et le sens, 1976 ... 88-90
W. Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns, 1970; Language in the Inner City, 1972 ... 92-96
L. Vygotsky, Myshlenie i rechʹ, 1956 ... 97-99
S. Scribner and M. Cole, The Psychology of Literacy, 1981 ... 100-101
E. Havelock, Preface to Plato, 1963 ... 102-103 [back]
Chapter 5
T. Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651 ... 110-111
T. Yanai, Field diary in Eastern Peru, ms., 1989 ... 111-114, 116-117
D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, 1738 ... 114
M. Mauss, Sociologie et anthropologie, 1950 ... 117-118
G. Bateson and M. Mead, Balinese Character, 1942 ... 120-121
T. Yanai, Reminiscence and Repetition, unpubl. PhD diss. [in Japanese; chapter titles], 1995... 124-130
S. Tanabe, Anthropology of Life [in Japanese], 2013 ... 130-131, 135, 140
L. Vygotsky, Myshlenie i rechʹ, 1956 ... 131
J. Lave and E. Wenger, Situated Learning, 1990 ... 132-133
F. Wiseman, Basic Training [film], 1972 ... 134-135
E. Coccia, La vita sensibile, 2010 ... 14 [back]
Chapter 6
E. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 1871 ... 143
A. van Gennep, Les Rites de passage, 1909 ... 144-145
W. K. Guthrie, The Greek Philosophers, 1950 ... 146-147
P. Descola, Par-delà nature et culture, 2005; La Fabrique des images (dir.), 2010 ... 147-149
C. Lévi-Strauss, La Potière jalouse, 1985 ... 148
E. Viveiros de Castro, “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism,” 1998 ... 149-151
M. Sahlins, Stone Age Econimics, 1972 ... 152-156
P. Clastres, La Société contre l’état, 1974 and « Archéologie de la violence », 1977 ... 156-158
R. Gardner, Dead Birds [film], 1964 ... 158-160
M. Foucault, « Il faut défendre la société », 1997 ... 161 [back]
Chapter 7
P. Descola (dir.), La fabrique des images, 2010 ... 166-168, 170
Y. Masuda and F. Pease, Illustrated Inca Empire, 1988 [in Japanese]... 169-170
E. Leach, Political Systems of Highland Burma, 1954 ... 172-173
M. Sahlins, Islands of History, 1985 ... 173-174
J. Bengoa, Historia del pueblo mapuche: siglos XIX y XX, 1985 ... 174-175.
S. Gudeman, Economics as Culture, 1986... 175-177
K. Polanyi, "Aristotle Discovers the Economy," 1957; "The Semantics of Money-Uses," 1957 ... 177-179
B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922... 179
S. Alpers, The Art of Describing, 1983 ... 183-185
E. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, 1983 ... 185-187
B. Latour, Science in Action, 1987 ... 187-188
T. Todorov, Éloge du quotidien, 1998 ... 189-190, 194
C. Lévi-Strauss, L’Homme nu, 1971 ... 191 [back]
Chapter 8
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance [film], directed by John Ford, 1962 ... 197-198
B. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 1983 ... 199-200
M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir, 1975 ... 201-202
I. Hacking, The Taming of Chance, 1990 ... 203, 205
M. Foucault, Securité, territoire, population, 2004; Naissance de la biopolitique, 2004 ... 204-205
M. Heidegger, “Einblick in das was ist”, 1949 ... 206-207
G. Tarde, Les Lois de l’imitation, 1890, 1895; L’Opinion et la foule, 1901; La Psychologie économique, 1902 ... 208-216
S. Dickey, Cinema and the Urban Poor in South India, 1993 ... 218-219
K. Balachander, Sindhu Bhairavi [film], 1985 ... 219-220
J. Berger, Ways of Seeing, 1972 ... 221-222
F. Wiseman, Model [film], 1980 ... 222-223
G. Bateson, “A Theory of Play and Fantasy,” 1955 ... 225
C. Bromberger, Le Match de football, 1995 ... 230-232
T. Yanai, "Notes on Emperor Hirohito’s death" [unpubl. essay in Japanese], 1989 ... 233-234 [back]
Chapter 9
R. Murphy, The Body Silent, 1987 ... 252-254
J. Hull, Touching the Rock, 1990 ... 256-257
E. Carpenter, Eskimo, 1959 ... 258
T. Ingold, "Stop, Look and Listen!," in The Perception of the Environment, 2000 ... 259-260
O. Sacks, Seeing Voices, 1989 ... 261-2
E. Tylor, Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization, 1865; Primitive Culture, 1871 ... 262-263
A. Oliver-Smith,The Martyred City, 1986 ... 265-267
M. de la Cadena, Earth Beings, 2015 ... 269-271
P. Harvey and H. Knox, Roads, 2015 ... 272-274
F. Zonabend, La presqu’île au nucléaire, 1989 ... 275-279
T. Bellstorff, Coming of Age in Second Life, 2008 ... 280-283
S. Helmreich, Alien Ocean, 2010 ... 284-286
P. Vannini and J. Taggart, Off the Grid, 2015 ... 287-289 [back]
Conclusion
H. Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice, 1907 ... 298-299
G. Deleuze, Différence et répétition, 1967 ... 304
B. de Spinoza, Ethica, 1677 ... 305-306 [back]
Page updated
Report abuse