P3/P4/M2

You are asked to produce case notes on both service users, which evaluates the role of the principal psychological perspectives in helping the unit staff to understand their behaviour, and also to manage and treat the behaviours effectively.

P3 - Explain how different factors influence human development and specific behaviours

P4 - Explain the contribution of psychological perspectives to the management and treatment of different service users' behaviour

M2 - Analyse the value of identifying factors influencing human development and behaviours in the application of psychological perspectives to the management and treatment of different service users' behaviours

D1 - Evaluate the role of psychological perspectives in the management and treatment of service users’ behaviours.

Factors affecting Sarah's development and specific behaviours

Sarah is 42 years old and regularly attends a Community Psychiatric Clinic for support with her ongoing clinical depression. Sarah was emotionally and physically abused as a child, which has resulted in a low self-image and low self-esteem.

She constantly apologises, even though she has done nothing wrong and has days when life does not seem worth living. Sarah has twice attempted suicide.

1. Explain the following specific behaviours associated with ....which Sarah has:

• depression

2a. For each factor analyse if it affects Sarah's behaviour. p415-16

• Physical.

• Social, cultural and emotional. Depression - culture https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/sociology-of-depression-effects-of-culture/

• Economic.

• Physical environment.

• Psychological. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200305/child-abuse-and-depression

Management and treatment for Sarah

3. Explain how Sarah's behaviour can be managed and treated using the following perspectives:

• Cognitive behavioural therapy, e.g. ,mental illnesses, approaches to challenging behaviour, monitoring and improving behaviour.https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/

• Social learning theory, e.g. use of positive role models, https://www.disorders.org/counseling-therapy-techiques/social-learning-therapy/

• Role of psychodynamic perspective in, e.g. psychoanalysis, exploration of factors influencing behaviour. https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/psychodynamic-therapy-for-depression

• Humanistic perspective, e.g. person-centred counselling. https://www.counselling-directory.org.uk/person-centred-therapy.html#benefitsofpersoncentredtherapy

• Biological perspective, e.g. drugs, biofeedback. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antidepressants/ and SSRI - https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/ssri-antidepressants/overview/

• Interventions: use of perspectives to inform development of therapeutic practices.

• Therapeutic practices as relevant to behaviour, e.g. group therapy, family therapy, addiction therapy, behaviour modification programmes.

• Ethical issues.

• How the therapies work.

• Reasons for attending therapy sessions.

4. Analyse why it is important to identify factors that have affected Sarah's development and behaviour in order to apply the most suitable psychological perspective to management and treatment.

5. Evaluate psychological perspectives to suggest the best management and treatment strategies for Sarah. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/clinical-depression/treatment/

NICE guidance - https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/ifp/chapter/treatments-for-moderate-or-severe-depression#is-there-any-other-support-available be critical this is heavily focused on antidepressants.

See https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931980-100-nobody-can-agree-about-antidepressants-heres-what-you-need-to-know/

Case study : Debbie T.

Debbie is 39 years old and has an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. She is a voluntary patient on a psychiatric ward at the local NHS Trust. Debbie is obsessed with the need to be clean and has recently been dipping her hands into neat disinfectant, in order to remove the ‘germs’.

He husband ignored this behaviour, until Debbie began to insist that he did the same. The family G.P. feels that Debbie needs to be away from the family and recover in her own time.

Factors affecting Debbie's development and specific behaviours

1. Explain that Debbie has OCD. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/

2. For each factor analyse if it affects Debbie's behaviour. p415-16

Easy to follow for most factors - https://www.ocduk.org/ocd/what-causes-ocd/

• Physical (biological) - https://hope4ocd.com/the-biology-of-ocd.php

• Social, cultural and emotional. (social learning, behaviorist) https://www.mentalhelp.net/obsessive-compulsive-spectrum/sociocultural-explanations/

• Economic.

• Physical environment - linked to dirty environment???

• Psychological.(humanistic, psychodynamic, CBT) https://www.gatewayocd.com/contamination-ocd-symptoms-and-treatment/

Management and treatment for Debbie

3. Explain how Debbie's behaviour can be managed and treated using the following perspectives:

• Cognitive behavioural therapy, e.g. treatment of phobias, mental illnesses, post-traumatic stress disorder, approaches to challenging behaviour, monitoring and improving behaviour.https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cbt/

• https://www.gatewayocd.com/contamination-ocd-symptoms-and-treatment/

• Social learning theory, e.g. use of positive role models https://www.disorders.org/counseling-therapy-techiques/social-learning-therapy/

• Role of psychodynamic perspective in, e.g. psychoanalysis, exploration of factors influencing behaviour. https://nopanic.org.uk/obsessivecompulsive-disorder-and-its-treatment-by-professor-kevin-gournay/ see
  Psychotherapy

• Humanistic perspective, e.g. person-centred counselling.

• Biological perspective, e.g. drugs, biofeedback. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatment/ see medicine https://www.ocduk.org/ocd/what-causes-ocd/ - see diagram

• Interventions: use of perspectives to inform development of therapeutic practices.

• Therapeutic practices as relevant to behaviour, e.g. group therapy, family therapy, addiction therapy, behaviour modification programmes.

• Ethical issues.

• How the therapies work.

• Reasons for attending therapy sessions.

4. Analyse why it is important to identify factors that have affected Debbie's development and behaviour in order to apply the most suitable psychological perspective to management and treatment.

5. Evaluate psychological perspectives to suggest the best management and treatment strategies for Debbie.

NHS guidance https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd/treatment/

Case study: Ahmed H.

Ahmed is 18 years old and has an eating disorder. Ahmed is currently in a specialist treatment centre. He was referred to the unit following concerns about his severe weight loss.

It had been discovered, that Ahmed would pretend to eat and then throw the food away when he thought that no one was looking.

Ahmed had previously had problems with his weight and had been bullied throughout school, due to his obesity. He is currently refusing to eat more than a small amount of food during the day.

Factors affecting Ahmed's development and specific behaviours

1. Explain the following specific behaviours associated with ....which Ahmed has:

• self-harm ( eating disorders are a form of self harm - https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/the-mind-body-connection/201411/self-mutilation-eating-disorders-and-suicide )

• prejudice and discrimination (Bullying can be seen as a form of prejudice)

2. For each factor analyse if it affects Ahmed's behaviour. p415-16

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/treating-eating-disorders/

• Physical.(biological) eating disorders - https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/causes-of-eating-disorders-biological-factors/

• Social, cultural and emotional. (social learning, behaviorist) Family - Eating disorders https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/causes-of-eating-disorders-family-influences/ Cultural eating disorders https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/causes-of-eating-disorders-cultural-influences/

• Economic.

• Physical environment.

• Psychological.(humanistic, psychodynamic, CBT)

Management and treatment for Ahmed

3. Explain how Ahmed's behaviour can be managed and treated using the following perspectives:

https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

• Cognitive behavioural therapy, e.g. treatment of phobias, mental illnesses, post-traumatic stress disorder, approaches to challenging behaviour, monitoring and improving behaviour. https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/eating-disorder-professional-treatment-individual-psychotherapy/ - Ahmed MANTRA -https://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40337-021-00387-8

• Social learning theory, e.g. use of positive role models

• Role of psychodynamic perspective in, e.g. psychoanalysis, exploration of factors influencing behaviour. Focal psychodynamic therapy.

• Humanistic perspective, e.g. person-centred counselling. https://www.klearminds.com/therapies/psychotherapy/person-centred-psychotherapy/

• Biological perspective, e.g. drugs, biofeedback.

• Interventions: use of perspectives to inform development of therapeutic practices.

• Therapeutic practices as relevant to behaviour, e.g. group therapy, family therapy, addiction therapy, behaviour modification programmes.

• Ethical issues.

• How the therapies work.

• Reasons for attending therapy sessions.

4. Analyse why it is important to identify factors that have affected Ahmed's development and behaviour in order to apply the most suitable psychological perspective to management and treatment.

5. Evaluate psychological perspectives to suggest the best management and treatment strategies for Ahmed. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anorexia/treatment/

NICE guidelines for all - https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/ifp/chapter/Anorexia-nervosa-treatment-for-adults