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تدريبات

1. من فضلك وضح كيفية كتابة المصدر التالي في قائمة المراجع :

An article titled " Restricted Democratization from Above: Egypt written by Dr.Bahgat Korany in the 2nd volume of a book titled " Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World".The book is edited by Bahgat Korany, Rex Brynen, and Paul Noble.It was published in 1998 by "LYNNE RIENNER PUBLISHERS" in London. The article covers the pages from 39 to 70

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2.      اقرأ الفقرة التالية من صفحة 41 من  الدراسة  السابقة للدكتور بهجت قرني   ،ثم  اقتبسها بإعادة صياغتهاParaphrase  باللغتين الإنجليزية و العربية : 

Egypt's long history has left complexity and diversity in its state-society relations. Indeed, there exist four distinct Egyptian conceptions of democracy: 1. The secularists, who defend a reinstallment of the model of liberal democracy that existed in Egypt before the 1952 army takeover.

2. The Islamic fundamentalists, who advocate a return to purely Islamic principles as the only way to authenticity.

3. The "social democracy prerequisite" school, which thinks that political or liberal democracy is a misnomer if it is not based on, or even produced by, social democracy.

4. The neo-Islamists, who do not contrast Islam with a liberal democracy conceived of as a purely Western innovation but rather try to show that these two are not incompatible and that a combination is possible.