The Sumerian civilization was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations in ancient Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq. It emerged around 4500 BCE and lasted for several centuries. They were known for their advanced city-states, the invention of writing (cuneiform), complex irrigation systems, and early forms of governance. 

The Akkadian Empire was one of the first empires in human history, spanning from approximately 2334 BCE to 2154 BCE. It was located in Mesopotamia, in what is now modern-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Turkey. The empire was founded by Sargon of Akkad, who united various city-states under his rule and established a centralized government. The Akkadians were known for their military prowess and conquests, expanding their empire through military campaigns. 

The Babylonian Empire was a powerful ancient empire that existed in Mesopotamia from approximately 1894 BCE to 539 BCE. It was centered in the city of Babylon, located in present-day Iraq. The empire is often associated with its most famous ruler, Hammurabi, who is known for creating a comprehensive set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi. 

The Assyrian Empire was a powerful ancient empire that emerged in the region of Mesopotamia around the 25th century BCE and reached its height during the 9th and 7th centuries BCE. The empire was centered in the city of Ashur, located in present-day northern Iraq. The Assyrians were known for their highly efficient military, advanced administrative systems, and cultural achievements.

Under the leadership of their powerful kings, such as Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, and Ashurbanipal, the Assyrians expanded their empire through a series of military campaigns

The first Persian Empire took control of the Middle East after the fall of the Babylonian Empire. It is also called the Achaemenid Empire which existed from approximately 550 BCE to 330 BCE. It was founded by Cyrus the Great and extended its control over a significant portion of the ancient world, encompassing territories in modern-day Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, and parts of Central Asia and Greece.