New Kingdom
The Capitals:
During the New Kingdom, two capitals played significant roles in shaping Egypt's history. The first was Thebes (modern-day Luxor), a city located on the east bank of the Nile. Thebes served as the religious and political center, housing magnificent temples like Karnak and Luxor. Later, pharaoh Akhenaten established a new capital called Akhetaten (Amarna) in central Egypt. Akhetaten was dedicated to the worship of the sun god Aten and boasted grand palaces and temples.
Powerful Pharaohs:
The New Kingdom witnessed the reign of influential pharaohs who left their mark on Egyptian history. Hatshepsut, Egypt's first female pharaoh, ruled with wisdom and successfully promoted trade and exploration. Thutmose III was a mighty warrior pharaoh who expanded Egypt's borders through military conquests. Amenhotep III brought prosperity and constructed impressive monuments, while Akhenaten introduced radical religious changes. Tutankhamun, the famous boy king, is known for the discovery of his intact tomb.
Military Conquests:
Under the New Kingdom pharaohs, Egypt embarked on ambitious military campaigns. Thutmose III led expeditions into Canaan, Syria, and Nubia, expanding Egypt's influence and wealth. These conquests brought back riches, tribute, and valuable resources to Egypt. The empire reached its peak under Ramesses II, who engaged in battles against the Hittites and signed the famous peace treaty, the Treaty of Kadesh.
Timeline:
2050 BCE: Beginning of the Middle Kingdom with the reunification of Egypt by Pharaoh Mentuhotep II.
2000 BCE: Construction of the White Chapel by Pharaoh Senusret I.
1950 BCE: Pharaoh Amenemhat I establishes a new capital called Itjtawy.
1850 BCE: Pharaoh Amenemhat III constructs the Great Labyrinth, a grand palace complex.
1800 BCE: The reign of Pharaoh Senusret III, known for his military campaigns and public works.
1750 BCE: The construction of the rock-cut tombs in Beni Hasan by local officials.
1700 BCE: Pharaoh Sobekneferu, the first known female pharaoh, rules briefly.
1650 BCE: End of the Middle Kingdom, marking the start of the Second Intermediate Period.
Rise and Fall:
The New Kingdom marked the pinnacle of ancient Egypt's power and glory. It saw the empire reach its greatest extent, with wealth pouring in from conquered lands and international trade. However, external threats, including invasions by the Sea Peoples, put pressure on Egypt. Internal conflicts and power struggles also weakened the kingdom. Eventually, the New Kingdom came to an end with the decline of the 20th Dynasty, giving way to the Third Intermediate Period.
The New Kingdom of ancient Egypt was a golden age filled with grand temples, mighty pharaohs, and extraordinary achievements. It witnessed the rise of powerful capitals, remarkable military conquests, and cultural advancements that shaped Egypt's history. Though the New Kingdom eventually faced challenges and its decline, its legacy continues to inspire awe and fascination in the modern world. Explore further, and let the wonders of the New Kingdom transport you back to this remarkable period in ancient Egypt!
Information compiled in this site come from the following sources; British Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Smithsonian Institute, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Acropolis Museum, Encyclopedia Britannica, Egypt Time Travel, Journey to Egypt, Getty Institute, Boston Museum of Fine Art
If you have edits you would like to suggest, please email Michael.Veley@ship.k12.pa.us