Agriculture formed the foundation of the Greek economy. The majority of Greeks were farmers who cultivated crops such as wheat, barley, grapes, olives, and figs. These agricultural products were essential for sustenance and trade. The geography of Greece varied, with fertile plains in some regions and more rugged terrain in others. The cultivation of land relied on effective farming techniques, including terracing and irrigation in certain areas. 

Trade played a crucial role in the ancient Greek economy. The Greeks established trade routes and colonies throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas. They traded goods such as olive oil, wine, pottery, textiles, metalwork, and luxury items. Greek city-states, such as Athens and Corinth, became major trade hubs, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas. The Greeks also engaged in long-distance trade with Egypt, Persia, and other civilizations, importing valuable resources like papyrus, spices, and precious metals. 

The Greeks were skilled sailors and engaged in maritime activities, including fishing, shipping, and naval trade. The sea provided an important resource for food and enabled the transportation of goods and people. Greek ships, such as triremes, played a significant role in naval warfare and exploration. The maritime activities contributed to the growth of coastal cities, trade networks, and the spread of Greek culture and colonization. 

The ancient Greeks used various forms of currency, including coins made of precious metals like gold, silver, and bronze. Coins facilitated trade and served as a medium of exchange. Greek city-states minted their own coins, which often featured symbols representing their respective cities. The use of standardized currency and trade networks encouraged economic growth and facilitated commercial transactions. 

Greek city-states developed banking and financial systems to facilitate trade and economic transactions. Moneylenders and bankers provided loans, exchange services, and financial advice. Ancient Greeks also engaged in credit systems, where individuals and businesses extended credit to one another. Financial institutions, such as the Bank of Athens, existed to manage and regulate monetary affairs.