Lesson 55 Alcohol

• Alcohol: Drug found in beverages that depresses the brain and nervous system
• Fermentation: is a process in which yeast, sugar, and water are combined to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide
• Beer- made by fermenting barley, corn or rye, most are 4% alcohol
• Wine: 12% to 14% Alcohol
• Distillation: process that uses a fermented mixture to obtain an alcoholic beverage with high alcohol content
• Liquor: Whiskey, Bourbon, Rye, Rum, Gin, Vodka, Tequila, and Brandy, most have 40 % or higher alcohol content
• Proof: is a measure of the amount of alcohol in a beverage. The proof of a beverage is double the percent of alcohol in the beverage.
• How alcohol enters the body:

1. Enters bloodstream within minutes
2. About 20% is absorbed through stomach lining.
3. About 80% is absorbed through the intestines
4. Effects the body immediately after it is swallowed
5. Affects every cell in the body
6. Liver changes it into harmless waste but can only change one drink per hour
7. Excess amount builds up in the body
8. The effects of alcohol increase as the concentration of alcohol in the blood increases

• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC): is the amount of alcohol In a person’s blood.
• DUI .08 BAC
• Toxin: is a substance that is poisonous
• If too large of an amount of alcohol you will vomit
• Factors that affect BAC

1. Amount of Alcohol Consumed
2. Speed at which Alcohol is consumed
3. Body Weight
4. Percentage of Body Fat—Body fat does not absorb as much alcohol as lean body tissue
5. Gender- BAC rises faster in females---Body fat—less stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol
6. Feelings
7. Amount of Food eaten
8. Presence of other drugs
9. Age—Elderly are more sensitive, lower volume of blood
10. Drinking carbonated alcoholic beverages: include beer, champagne

• What Happens as BAC Increases:

1. .02:About one drink in an hour. Feel Relaxed. Increased social confidence and talkative. Thinking and decision making abilities become impaired
2. .05: Two Drinks in an hour. Areas of the brain that control reasoning and judgment are impaired. Feel warm, relaxed and confident. Speech may be slurred. Decrease in coordination.
3. .08: Legally Drunk
4. .10: About five drinks in an hour. Reasoning,judgement,self-control,muscular coordination, and reaction time are impaired. Walk with a stagger.
5. .12: Confused and disoriented. Vision blurred. Can become nauseous and vomit
6. .20: May pass out
7. .30: No control over mind or body
8. .40: Unconscious, breathing and heart rate will slow. May Die.
9. .50: Deep Coma and Death

• Drinking Games: chugging, shots, funneling is dangerous. Binge Drinking: is consuming large amounts of alcohol in a short amount of time.
• BAC can rise rapidly thus death can occur

• How alcohol affects the body:

1. Nervous System:
   1. Impairs the brain
   2. Destroys brain cells
   3. Dementia: general decline in all mental functions
2. Digestive System:
   1. Cancer of mouth, esophagus, stomach
   2. Ulcer: open sore on the skin, inflamed and painful
   3. Liver Disease: Cirrhosis disease of the liver caused by chronic damage to liver cells

A liver transplant is the only cure

1. Immune System:
   1. Risk of developing illness/infection
2. Cardiovascular System:
   1. Cardiovascular disease
   2. High blood pressure
   3. Stroke
3. Reproductive System:
   1. Problems during puberty
   2. Delay Menstrual cycle
   3. Cause irregular periods
   4. Affect breast development
   5. Increased risk of breast cancer
   6. Affect the size of testes
   7. Affect muscle mass

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: presence of severe birth defects, Small eye slits, small head, retarded physical and mental growth. Leading cause of mental Retardation

• Hangover: is an after effect of using alcohol and other drugs

• Blackouts: A period in which a person can not remember what happened

• Use responsible Decision making to resist peer pressure to drink alcohol

Drunk Driving Stats:

1. Drunk driving causes approximately one-third of all traffic fatalities in the United States.^a
2. During the year 2007, alcohol-impaired driving was involved in the deaths of nearly 13,000 Americans.^b
3. On average, someone in the U.S. is killed by a drunk driver every 40 minutes.
4. Roughly three in every 10 Americans will be involved in an alcohol-related collision at some point in their life.
5. Over 1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics in 2007. This number is less than 1% of the 159 million self-reported episodes of drunk driving in that year.
6. According to the law in all 50 U.S. states, a driver is considered to be legally drunk when his or her blood alcohol content (BAC) level is at or above .08 grams per deciliter (g/dL).^e
7. To reach a BAC level of .08 g/dL, a man weighing approximately 170 pounds would need to consume four standard drinks in one hour on an empty stomach. A woman weighing about 140 pounds would need to consume three drinks in one hour.^e

Alcohol remains in the body for up to six hours after drinking

1. It takes approximately six hours after drinking for the body to completely eliminate alcohol from its system with a BAC level of .08 g/dL.^e
2. Because alcohol dilutes itself in the water volume of the body in order to travel through it, vital organs that contain a lot of water (such as the brain) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol.^e
3. Even at BAC levels as low as .02 g/dL, alcohol can affect a person’s response time and driving ability. The probability of a crash increases significantly after .05 BAC, and even more rapidly after .08 BAC.^e
4. A driver with a BAC of .08 g/dL is 11 times more likely to be in a fatal accident than a driver who has consumed no alcohol.^e
5. In 2007, more than half of the drunk drivers involved in fatal crashes had a BAC level of .15 g/dL , nearly twice the legal limit.^c
6. Drivers are far more likely to be alcohol impaired during the night than during the day. In 2007, 36% of drivers involved in nighttime fatal crashes were legally drunk versus just 9% during daytime collisions.^c
7. Approximately 75% of fatal crashes occurring between midnight and 3 a.m. involve alcohol.^c
8. The highest rates of drunk driving occur among drivers aged 21-24. This age group makes up 35% of alcohol-impaired drivers involved in fatal collisions.^c
9. Motorcycle drivers are the most likely to be involved in fatal drunk driving accidents, with 27% of such accidents in 2007 involving at least one drunk motorcycle operator.^c

Nearly 75% of drunk drivers do not wear their safety belts

1. Nearly 75% of drunk drivers involved in fatal collisions are not wearing their safety belts.^b
2. An alcohol-related collision is more than twice as likely to occur on the weekend than during the week. Roughly 31% of drivers involved in fatal crashes on the weekend are legally drunk, as opposed to just 15% during the week.^c
3. According to one study, a first-time drunk-driving offender has already driven drunk more than 80 times before being arrested.^e
4. State laws commonly use two different acronyms to describe drunken or impaired driving—DWI and DUI. DWI stands for “driving while intoxicated” and typically refers only to alcohol impairment, while DUI stands for “driving under the influence” and can refer to either alcohol or drugs.^e
5. Beer is the most common type of alcoholic beverage involved in both DUI arrests and fatal crashes, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHSTA). It is also the drink of choice in most cases of binge drinking and underage drinking.^b
6. Drugs other than alcohol (such as marijuana and cocaine) are involved in approximately 18% of fatal motor vehicle collisions and have most often been used in combination with alcohol.^a
7. Men are about twice as likely as women to drive under the influence of alcohol and to be involved in a fatal collision.^b
8. In 2006, nearly 20% of all 16- to 20-year-old drivers killed in motor vehicle collisions had a BAC level of .08 g/dL or higher.^a
9. All 50 states and the District of Columbia currently have “zero tolerance” laws, which make it illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to drive with a BAC of .02 g/dL or higher.^e
10. Laws which set a specific blood alcohol concentration level that is above the legal limit are called “per se” laws and were first implemented in Norway in 1936. Per se is a Latin phrase that means “by itself,” and per se laws state that a BAC level of .08 g/dL or above is the only evidence needed of impairment.^e
11. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), one of the most vocal political action groups against alcohol-impaired driving, was formed in 1980 in Irving, Texas, by Candice Lightner. She started the group after her teenage daughter was killed by a drunk driver but later left the organization once she felt its focus had shifted from preventing drunk driving to preventing alcohol consumption in general.^e
12. The state of Wyoming is the deadliest state for drinking and driving, with just over 13 drunk-driving fatalities for every 100,000 people occurring each year. New York experiences the least amount of drunk-driving fatalities, with only 2.06 per 100,000 residents.^b

The deadliest drunk-driving accident in the U.S. occurred when a drunk driver crashed into a school bus, killing 27 people and injuring 34 others

1. The deadliest drunk-driving accident in the U.S. occurred in 1988 on Interstate 71 in Kentucky when a drunk driver with a BAC level of .24 g/dL caused a head-on collision with a school bus. The crash and ensuing fire killed 27 people (most of them children) and injured 34 others.^e
2. To determine if a driver is legally impaired, a police officer will typically administer a breathalyzer test. A breathalyzer is a machine that estimates a driver’s blood alcohol content level by determining the amount of alcohol in his or her lungs.^e
3. According to one study, using a cell phone while driving can be just as dangerous as driving while intoxicated, causing drivers to miss traffic signals and react more slowly to driving conditions. Frighteningly, the NHTSA estimates that more than 100 million U.S. drivers use their cell phone while driving and about 8% of drivers on the roadway at any given daylight moment are either conversing or texting on their cell phone.^d
4. In 2006, more than 40% of drunk drivers involved in fatal crashes were speeding, compared with just 15% of drivers with no alcohol in their system.^b
5. Somewhere between 50% to 75% of drunk drivers who have their licenses suspended for DUI convictions continue to drive without a license.^e
6. According to one poll, over 80% of American drivers have heard of the term BAC or blood alcohol content, but only 27% of drivers can correctly identify the legal BAC limit for their state.^e

Sobriety Check Points:

http://www.hubbardtwppd.org/motor%20veh%20safety/duilaw.htm

Drunk driving, or driving under the influence, means that a person's ability to drive has been impaired by the consumption of alcohol. In the United States, the amount of alcohol in a person's system can be determined quickly through a breathalyzer test. Other ways to test a person's blood alcohol level include blood tests, urine tests, and sobriety field tests.

In some states, a driver can choose which test he or she wants to take, but if the test reveals a level of intoxication of 0.08% or higher, the person is legally considered to be driving drunk. A driver must submit to all of these tests, with the exception of the field tests, if a police officer requests one. In some states, failure to do so results in a driver losing his or her license for up to one year.

Sobriety field tests are commonly performed on the side of roads or in a safe place off of a roadway to help police officers determine if a driver is under the influence of alcohol or drugs. If a driver performs poorly in any of the various tasks associated with field tests, the officer has probable cause to arrest the person for alcohol impaired driving, and the test results may be used as proof in a court of law. An officer also has the right to arrest a driver solely based on the observation of the driver's behavior, although normally a blood, breath, or urine test is also required.

There are many different types of field tests that an officer can request. Oftentimes, a person is asked to walk in a straight line, stand on one leg, or recite the alphabet or a group of numbers. In other field tests, an officer positions an object, usually a pen, about one foot from the driver's face and then moves the object from one side to another while observing the driver's eye movements. If there is any involuntary jerking or trembling in the eyes, the driver has most likely been drinking.

Another test requires the driver to take nine steps, heel-to-toe, along a line and then turn and come back to repeat the process. In this test, the officer assesses whether or not the driver is able to keep his or her balance and follow instructions. Usually, if a driver has been drinking, he or she leaves space between heel and toe, has trouble taking steps in a straight line, or stops during the test.

Simple field tests, which evaluate a person's coordination and balance, include having a person stand with heels together, arms at the side, and raise one leg about six inches from the ground while counting aloud. Also, a person may be asked to stand feet together, eyes closed, and arms extended while touching the index finger to the nose.