transmission media, including:

wired transmission

twisted pair

Uses in society

LAN cables are certified as either Cat 5e (up to 1GB connection)

Cat 6 (up to 10GB connection)

Cost to install/buy hardware

Very cheap to buy and install. Cost is less than 10c per meter, terminations are also very cheap.

Data flow is via electrons traveling along with the cables. The twisting acts as a form of natural protection to incoming interference.

Properties and Limitations

100m maximum draw and then there is a need for repeater units.

Subject to magnetic interference from strong magnetic sources (magnets, mobile phones, televisions, microwave ovens etc)

coaxial cable

Uses in Society

computer network internet connections.

Price to install:

4c per meter

limit tgations:

it is more vulnerable to high frequency

Properties: transmits data, internet, video and voice communicaion

optic fibre

Uses in Society:

Tv connection, audio connection

Price:

1 foot is 1-6 dollars

Properties Limitations:

transits connection. By rebounding data off the wire

wireless transmission

microwave

Uses in society

Satteleite communication deep space radio coms and navigation

Price:

$25000 and up

Properties limitations:

large range communication using 1ghz to 1000ghz

Shorter wavelengths

The connection needs to be in sight of the coms that it wants to connect to

satellite

Uses in society:

Connecting to products

Reading heat temperatures

Price:

Properties and limitations

Properties

It can connect to any other products that have the same infrared

Limitations:

Infrared can be affected by hard properties

radio

infrared

characteristics of media in terms of speed, capacity, cost and security

communication protocols, including:

application level protocols:

http:

http means hypertext transfer protocol and is an application layer protocol that is designed to transfer information between network devices and run on top of other layers of the network.

smtp:

Simple mail transfer protocol is a internet communication protocol for electronic mail transmision. Mail severs and other messege transfer aents use SMTP

SSL: Secure socket layer it is a technbnology for keeping internet connection secure and safe with any sensitivce datra.

communication control and addressing level protocols

OSI SESSION Layer - This is where communication with the network is established. It also includes security to ensure a user has the appropriate access rights.

OSI Transport Layer - This layer ensures that packets failing to reach their destination are retransmitted. (Protocol = TCP )

OSI Network Layer- Packets are directed to their destination. IP – operates here – its job is to address and forward packets to their destination.

TCP: Responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive

IP: Responsible for ‘routing’ each packet to the correct destination.

transmission level protocols

Ethernet

Token ring

network topologies:

star- In the star topology, all the computers connect with the help of a hub. This cable is called a central node, and all other nodes are connected using this central node. It is most popular on LAN networks as they are inexpensive and easy to install.

bus- Bus topology uses a single cable which connects all the included nodes. The main cable acts as a spine for the entire network. One of the computers in the network acts as the computer server. When it has two endpoints, it is known as a linear bus topology.

ring- In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighboring devices for communication purpose. It is called a ring topology as its formation is like a ring. In this topology, every computer is connected to another computer. Here, the last node is combined with a first one.

hybrid- Hybrid topology combines two or more topologies. You can see in the above architecture in such a manner that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies. For example, as you can see in the above image that in an office in one department, Star and P2P topology is used. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected.

wireless networks-

functions performed by hardware components in communication systems:

1. hubs and switches- A Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single network. Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections. A switch is a control unit that turns the flow of electricity on or off in a circuit.

2. routers- A router connects your devices to each other and, in hard-wired connection setups, to the modem. The router connects to your modem and then to your devices (laptops, smart TVs, printers, etc.) via either an Ethernet cable or, in the case of a wireless router, WiFi signal.

3. modems- A modem is typically given by your internet service provider like Telstra and receives the information from them through phone lines, optical fibre, or coaxial cable in your home and then converts it into a digital signal. A modem also contains switches, routers, gateways and wireless access points. The modem and router can’t communicate with each other directly because they transmit different signals types, making the modem's job important in converting and translating signals to ones that the router can communicate with. The sole purpose of the modem is to provide you with internet access. If you were to only have one internet-connected device with an Ethernet port (such as a desktop computer), you could connect the modem directly to your computer with no need for a router.

4. bridges and gateways- Bridge is a network device which works in data link layer. Bridge connects two different LAN working on same protocol. The gateway converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or format to another.

5. Network Interface Cards (NIC)- A network interface controller is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.

6. mobile phones-

7. cables-

8. wireless access points- is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network

9. Bluetooth devices-Bluetooth relies on short-range radio frequency, and any device that incorporates the technology can communicate as long as it is within the required distance.

characteristics of network operating software

similarities and differences between the Internet, intranets and extranets