Ch 49 Circulatory & Respiratory Systems

Objectives

Circulatory Systems

• 1. Compare the anatomy and efficiency of open and closed circulatory systems.

  2. Understand the three primary functions of the vertebrate circulatory system.

  3. Identify and describe the function(s) of each of the cellular and non-cellular components of blood.

  4. Describe the anatomy of the major kinds of blood vessels.

  5. Explain the relationship between blood vessel diameter and flow resistance including the effects resistance has on the efficient operation of a closed circulatory system.

  6. Describe the vertebrate lymphatic system and indicate its importance.

  7. Understand the evolution of the vertebrate heart from primitive fish to amphibians and reptiles through birds and mammals in terms of structure and overall circulatory efficiency.

  8. Describe the structure of a human heart and the flow of blood through it.

  9. Explain how the mammalian heart contracts.

  10. Understand how the heart’s performance is monitored.

  11. Explain how exercise affects cardiac output.

  12. Describe how blood flow, pressure, and volume are regulated.

Respiratory Systems

• 1. Describe Fick’s law of diffusion and understand how animals alter the variables to evolve more efficient respiratory systems.

  2. Understand how primitive invertebrate, advanced vertebrate, and vertebrate respiratory systems each maximize the rate of diffusion.

  3. Explain the counter-current flow exchange in fish gills and indicate which parameters of Fick’s equation are optimized.

  4. Describe the two major respiratory systems possessed by terrestrial animals and the evolutionary adaptations of each.

  5. Compare respiration in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

  6. Explain the unique respiratory system of birds, their need for a highly efficient system, and the similarities with a fish respiratory system.

  7. Describe the anatomy of the human respiratory system and the mechanics of breathing.

  8. Understand how breathing and blood gas levels are regulated.

  9. Understand the importance of gas carrier molecules in the circulatory system of vertebrates.

  10. Describe how oxygen is transported from the alveoli to metabolically active tissue, how carbon dioxide returns, and how the Bohr effect augments this gaseous exchange.

  11. Describe carbon dioxide and nitric oxide transport.