Earth & Space Science

• Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-  year-old history. ESS1-4 

• Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth’s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. (rock cycle) ESS2-1 

• Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.  ESS2-2  

• Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the  past plate motions. ESS2-3 

• Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity. ESS2-4 

Engineering

• Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant  scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions. ETS1-1 

• Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the  problem. ETS1-2 

• Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each  that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success. ETS1-3 

• Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design  can be achieved. ETS1-4