CAD Modelling
CAD Modelling
Embedded Files
3D CAD (Computer-Aided Design) plays a crucial role in modern design and engineering, and it's a powerful tool for bringing ideas to life. It allows you to create precise, detailed, and realistic digital models of just about anything, from simple objects to highly complex systems. With the right software, you can explore and refine your designs in 3D, test out different versions, and make improvements before anything is physically built. Whether you're designing a product, planning a structure, or working on something more artistic, 3D CAD is where creativity and technical skill come together.
Modelling Tree
Modelling Tree
The modelling tree, located on the left-hand side of your screen in Autodesk Inventor, stores all your previous work, including sketches and features. It allows you to revisit and edit sketches or models without the need to delete or start anew. You can also rearrange your work or temporarily disable a feature by suppressing it.
There are numerous advantages to using the modelling tree; for instance:■ It saves time, as you do not need to redraw or model again. Instead, you can modify that feature directly in the modelling tree■ If you make a mistake further along in the process, you do not need to undo your work. Instead, you can edit that specific section■. By using suppress, you can turn off certain features to concentrate on previous stages.
There are numerous advantages to using the modelling tree; for instance:■ It saves time, as you do not need to redraw or model again. Instead, you can modify that feature directly in the modelling tree■ If you make a mistake further along in the process, you do not need to undo your work. Instead, you can edit that specific section■. By using suppress, you can turn off certain features to concentrate on previous stages.
Work Planes
Work Planes
Work planes are like digital sheets of paper where you create 2D sketches. Most 3D CAD software gives you three main work planes to start with: one for the elevation (front view), one for the end elevation (side view), and one for the plan (top view). You should choose the right work plane before starting your sketch.
You can also add extra work planes to your model to help with more advanced designs or to sketch on curved surfaces.
You can also add extra work planes to your model to help with more advanced designs or to sketch on curved surfaces.
Axis
Axis
When sketching, you will always see the axis you are drawing on. Sketching happens on two axis lines at a time, like X and Y. To turn your sketch into 3D, you use the third axis, Z. These three axes—X, Y, and Z—help you create 3D models.
Face
Face
Any flat surface on a 3D model is called a face. Faces are what make up the outer surfaces of your design. You can add extra detail to a face using sketches, decals, or materials, which allows you to customise how the surface looks or functions
Edges
Edges
The edges of a model are the lines where two faces meet. These edges help define the shape and form of the model. You can edit or move edges to change the design, like smoothing a corner or stretching part of a model.
Vertex
Vertex
Any corner is called a vertex.
This is one of the most important parts of the model, as the vertex controls and influences the edges and the faces.
For example, the length of a line can be changed using the vertex, therefore changing the shape.
This is one of the most important parts of the model, as the vertex controls and influences the edges and the faces.
For example, the length of a line can be changed using the vertex, therefore changing the shape.
2D Tools
2D Tools
Line
It enables you to draw straight lines.
Circle
It enables you to draw circles.
Ellipse
It enables you to draw ellipses.
Rectangle
It enables you to draw a four-sided shape like a rectangle or square. A two-point rectangle will start drawing from the corner, whereas a two-point centre rectangle will enable you to draw from the centre.
Arc
It enables you to draw arcs/ curved lines.
Polygon
It allows you to create polygon shapes like triangles, pentagon hexagons, or octagons.
Chamfer
A chamfer can be used in a 2D sketch or applied to a 3D model. This action cuts the corner of your shape, creating an angle. It defaults to 45 degrees however this can be changed depending on the model.
Fillet
A fillet can be used in a 2D sketch or applied to a 3D model. This action curves the corner of your shape.
Copy
Enables you to replicate a shape or sketch without needing to redraw it.
Trim
Using trim will allow you to remove any excess lines or portions of a shape, provided that another line interacts with it.
Rotate
It allows you to turn your sketch around.
Mirror
The mirror duplicates a sketch across a work surface or axis of your choosing.
Extend
Adds lines to fill a gap in a sketch.
Offset
Offset enables your shape to be replicated on either the outside or the inside of the original shape.
Project Edge
You can project geometry to copy an edge, line, or face onto a new 2D sketch.
Linear Array
A linear array can be used in a 2D sketch or a 3D model to repeat elements a specified number of times along a line/axis.
Radial Array
A radial array can be used in a 2D sketch or a 3D model to repeat elements a specified number of times in a circle to a chosen degree.
Box Array
A box array can be used in a 2D sketch or a 3D model to repeat elements a specified number of times in the shape of a box/rectangle.
Extrude
Extrude
Extrusions are 3D models that maintain a uniform shape and consistent thickness throughout their entire length. The thickness and shape remain the same from the bottom to the top. They are often used to create objects such as cylinders or blocks.
Profiles can be extruded in three directions:
Extrude subtract is used to cut away material from a 3D model. It works by pushing a shape through the model, removing any material in its path. This is useful for creating holes, slots, or other cut-out shapes in your design.
Profiles can be extruded in three directions:
- Above the workplane
- Below the workplane
- Symmetrically through the workplane
Extrude Subtract
Extrude subtract is used to cut away material from a 3D model. It works by pushing a shape through the model, removing any material in its path. This is useful for creating holes, slots, or other cut-out shapes in your design.Extrude Subtract
How to answer an extrude question
How to answer an extrude question
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the 2D shape.
- DIMENSION- Provide the dimensions for the 2D profile.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command extrude.
- DIMENSION - Provide the size for the extrude.
Extrude Subtract
Extrude Subtract
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the 2D shape that will be cut out.
- DIMENSION - Provide dimensions for the 2D profile.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command extrude subtract.
- DIMENSION - Provide the dimensions for the 2D profile.
Revolve
Revolve
Revolve is used to create cylindrical, symmetrical 3D shapes.
To do this, you must have two items:
You can choose to spin it fully all the way around for a complete shape or just part of the way for an open design.
To do this, you must have two items:
- A 2D profile, which is half of the shape you wish to model
- An axis for the profile to rotate around
You can choose to spin it fully all the way around for a complete shape or just part of the way for an open design.
How to answer an revolve question
How to answer an revolve question
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out half of the shape.
- DIMENSION- Provide the dimensions for the 2D profile.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command revolve.
- DEGREE OF ROTATION - Identify if it is a full revolve (360 degrees), a revolve to next or if the shape should be revolved to a specific degree.
- AXIS - State which axis (line) to use for the revolve. Remember to identify it on your sketch.
Loft
Loft
Lofting is a modelling technique used to blend or merge one shape into another, creating a smooth transition between different profiles. This is especially useful for designing complex or curved shapes that can't be made using basic extrudes or revolves. To use lofting, you need to work with work planes. These are placed at different distances (offsets), and profiles are sketched onto them. Once the profiles are drawn, the loft tool connects them to form a 3D shape that changes gradually between the sketches.
How to answer a loft question
How to answer a loft question
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the first 2D shape.
- DIMENSION- Provide the dimensions for the 2D profile.
- PLANE - Offset a workplane
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the next 2D shape.
- DIMENSION- Provide the dimensions for the 2D profile.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command extrude.
Loft with Rails
Loft with Rails
Loft shapes can be given a twist when the profiles are connected vertex to vertex rather than just edge to edge. This creates a rotated or spiralled shape, which adds complexity and visual interest to the model. To create this effect, we use the Rails feature. Rails act like guidelines that connect specific points (vertices) between profiles using a 3D sketch. The shape then follows the path of the rails, allowing it to twist, bend, or curve as it transitions from one profile to the next.
How to answer a loft with rails question
How to answer a loft with rails question
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the first 2D shape.
- DIMENSION- Provide the dimensions for the 2D profile.
- PLANE - Offset a workplane
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the next 2D shape.
- DIMENSION - Provide the dimensions and position for the 2D profile.
- 3D Sketch - 3D sketch lines connecting each vertex.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command Loft, specifying the rails.
Helix
Helix
A helix is a modelling feature that creates a coil or spiral shape, similar to a spring. Depending on the design, it can be used to either add material (making it stick out from a model) or subtract material (cutting into a model). To make a helix, several parts need to be defined:
- Profile – This shape will be used to form the coil. It is often a circle, but it can be any closed shape.
- Axis – This is the central line that the profile will rotate around to form the helix. The axis must be dimensioned from the centre of your profile.
- Pitch – This tells us the distance the profile travels in one complete turn around the axis.
- Revolution – This is the number of times the profile wraps around the axis. For example, if it goes around six times, that would be six revolutions.
How to answer a helix question
How to answer a helix question
- PROFILE & DIMENSION- Describe how to sketch out the first 2D shape that will be used to form the coil and provide the dimensions.
- AXIS- Identify a vertical line to act as an axis.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command Helix.
- PITCH - Identify the size between each revolution.
- REVOLUTIONS - Identify how often the profile wraps around the axis.
Extrude along a Path
Extrude along a Path
An extrude along a path (or sweep along a path) is a modelling feature used to create long, thin shapes by moving a single profile along a set path. Unlike lofts, the profile does not change shape; it stays the same throughout the path. This is perfect for modelling things like wires, pipes, tubes, and paper clips. The profile (the shape being swept) can be any shape, such as a circle, square, or custom shape. However, the path it follows must be a single continuous line, which could be straight or curved.
How to answer an extrude along a path question
How to answer an extrude along a path question
- PROFILE - Describe how to sketch out the 2D shape that will be used to form the sweep and provide the dimensions.
- PLANE- Turn on a perpendicular work plane. (A plane running 90 degrees from the profile.)
- PATH - Describe how to sketch out the path that the profile will be swept along.
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command, Extrude along a Path.
Blending
Blending
In CAD modelling, blending is a useful technique that helps create smooth, flowing transitions between different parts of a design. Whether you're joining two surfaces or connecting curved shapes, blending makes the model look more natural and visually appealing. It’s often used when you need to round off edges, smooth out joins, or connect surfaces that aren’t exactly the same shape. Blending is similar to lofting, as both can join different profiles together, but blending focuses more on creating a seamless transition between surfaces. It's a key tool for improving both the look and function of your designs.
Morphing
Morphing
Morphing, also known as freeform modelling, is a technique in CAD that gives you more creative control over your 3D designs. It works by surrounding your model with a mesh that you can push, pull, stretch, or scale to change shape. This is especially useful when you need to fine-tune your design for manufacturing, for example, smoothing out a bottle shape so it can be blow moulded more easily. Morphing isn’t just about looks; it can also improve performance by adding strength to areas that might be weak under stress. It’s a flexible and powerful way to shape your designs with both function and style in mind.
Advantages
Advantages
- Allows designers to create organic forms
- Can be manipulated using points, edges, faces to provide a greater level of detail when editing features
- Provides designers creative freedom to manipulate or tweak the model
- Tools such as mirror can help model symmetrical features
Surface Modelling
Surface Modelling
Surface modelling is a CAD technique used to create complex, free-flowing shapes that are often more detailed and organic than those made with solid modelling. It starts with a simple shape, like a line, which can be extruded, revolved, or shaped into a surface. These surfaces have no actual thickness, and while they can look highly realistic, they don’t always follow the strict geometric rules that solid models do. The way surfaces join can be precisely controlled, from smooth curves to sharp creases, making this method ideal for designs like car bodies or video game characters. Surface modelling is all about flexibility and creativity in shaping visually striking designs.
Advantages
Advantages
- Designer can be more creative as polygon mesh can be applied
- Allows for the creation of organic shapes
- Use of thicken ensures a uniform wall thickness that conforms to the organic form
- Thin wall thickness is suitable for modelling using this technique
- Tools such as mirror can help model symmetrical features
Chamfer and Fillet
Chamfer and Fillet
As discussed in the 2D tool section, chamfer and fillet can be applied to a 2D sketch or a 3D model.
Both features enable you to modify the edges of a 3D object. Multiple edges can be selected simultaneously.
A chamfer will create an angle on your model, whereas a fillet will make a curve.
Both features enable you to modify the edges of a 3D object. Multiple edges can be selected simultaneously.
A chamfer will create an angle on your model, whereas a fillet will make a curve.
Irregular Fillet
An irregular fillet allows you to apply a curved edge that changes in size along the length of an edge. Instead of having the same radius all the way along, one part of the edge might have a larger or smaller curve than the rest. This can help make a model look more realistic or comfortable, especially for items that are meant to be handled.Irregular Fillet
Irregular Chamfer
A chamfer usually cuts an edge at an equal angle and distance along its entire length. However, an irregular chamfer allows you to change the angle or size of the cut in different places along the same edge. This gives you more control and flexibility when shaping parts of a model, and can be used to make designs that look more dynamic or functional.Irregular Chamfer
Shell
Shell
Shell is used to make a 3D model hollow, like the inside of a box or a cup. The hollow space follows the shape of the outside of the model. You need to choose how thick you want the walls to be. You can also remove a surface to create an opening, like cutting the top off a box.
It's important to add any fillets or chamfers before applying a shell.
It's important to add any fillets or chamfers before applying a shell.
How to answer a shell question
How to answer a shell question
- You will likely need to explain how you made the original model (extrude, extrude, subtract or revolve).
- COMMAND - Identify the 3D modelling command shell.
- DIMENSION - Provide the wall thickness for the shell.
- REMOVE SURFACES - Identify if any surfaces need to be removed.
How to work out a shell
How to work out a shell
There are two ways to find out what size your wall thickness will be:
The first method indicates the wall thickness on the orthographic, revealing the size of your shell. No calculations are required; you simply note what is displayed.
The second method involves reading the dimensions and performing the calculations. You subtract the inner edge from the outer edge and then divide the result by 2. For example, the outer circle measures 25mm, while the inner circle measures 21mm, resulting in a difference of 4mm. We then divide 4mm by 2 to obtain a total wall thickness of 2mm.
Sketching on a curved surface
Sketching on a curved surface
To sketch on a curved surface, you need to create a flat work plane. Your work plane may be in the centre of the model, or you may need to offset it to the correct position to draw your shape. After that, you can use extrude, extrude subtract, or revolve to add or subtract material from the model.
Array
Array
An array command allows you to repeat profiles or features without redrawing them.
There are also two ways to use the array tools:
Using an array can save a considerable amount of time in redrawing profiles and features. Because you don’t have to redraw profiles, it enhances accuracy in modelling complex features.
Box array – repeating in a ‘square’ patternLinear array – repeating in a line vertically or horizontallyRadial array – repeating in a circular pattern.
There are also two ways to use the array tools:
- an array of a sketched profile (2D tool)
- an array of completed 3D features.
Using an array can save a considerable amount of time in redrawing profiles and features. Because you don’t have to redraw profiles, it enhances accuracy in modelling complex features.
Box array – repeating in a ‘square’ patternLinear array – repeating in a line vertically or horizontallyRadial array – repeating in a circular pattern.
Intersect
Intersect
Intersect creates a new shape by keeping only the parts where two objects overlap. It removes everything else. For example, if you have two shapes that cross over each other, intersect will keep the area they share and get rid of the rest. This is useful for creating complex models where you only need the overlapping section of two shapes.
CAD Library
CAD Library
A CAD library is a collection of commonly used components that designers can utilise as often as needed. These components can be imported into a design and adjusted if necessary. For example, IKEA would have all their standard fittings, such as screws and bolts, stored in a CAD library, enabling their designers to use them when designing new furniture quickly, without the need to recreate them from scratch.Advantages:■ Saves time and effort by avoiding the need to redraw the same item repeatedly.■ Ensures components comply with proper drawing standards, which is vital when accuracy is critical.■ The components remain the same, thus reducing the likelihood of errors and improving consistency.
- Drawings are standardised as all languages can understand them.
- There is often a cost involved in accessing public CAD libraries.
- You may not always discover precisely what you desire, as CAD libraries contain numerous different models.
Examples
Examples
The ‘stand’ was made using 3D CAD solid modelling techniques, and the ‘beaker’ using 3D CAD surface modelling techniques. Describe the 3D CAD solid modelling techniques used to create the stand. You may use sketches to support your answer. (7 marks)
Answer
- Sketch for top feature with the dimensions (R30, R20, 10, 15mm) and extrude 10mm (1 mark)
- Profile for stem (15, 10, R5, R4) and positioned 2mm from the back of the top feature (1 mark)
- Path for stem with all dimensions (30, 117, R14, 116, 39, R12, 30) (1 mark)
- Extrude along a path with an 8-degree taper applied (1 mark)
- Profile for base feature with all dimensions (120 degree, R69) and path profile with all dimensions (rectangle 28, 4xR4) (1 mark)
- Extrude along a path (1 mark)
- All 4mm fillets applied to the top piece and base (1 mark)
Describe the 3D CAD surface modelling techniques used to create the beaker. Refer to dimensions in your answer. You may use sketches to support your answer. (6 marks)
Answer
- Sketch profile shown and revolve around the centre axis (1 mark)
- On the top surface of the revolve, sketch a 120mm circle, then offset plane 75mm and sketch an ellipse profile with major axis 90 and minor axis 78 (1 mark)
- Loft the circle and ellipse together (1 mark)
- Surface revolve 360 degree around the centre axis of the top profile, shown (1 mark)
- Apply a fillet of R7 between the lofted and revolved sections (1 Mark)
- Model thickened to 2mm (1 mark)
The grip on the stand was created using morphing (freeform modelling) techniques. Describe, using morphing (freeform modelling) techniques, how the grip was created. Stage 1 has been completed for you. You may use sketches to support your answer. (4 marks)
Answer
- Stage 2: Create a free form with a 12 × 6 mesh (1 mark)
- Stage 3: Apply an axis of symmetry (1 mark)
- Stage 4: Edit the form using points/edges/faces to create the desired form. (1 mark)
- Stage 5: Convert the form into a solid (1 mark)
Home Page
gw23prasherrebecca@glow.sch.uk Lanark Grammar School
Page updated
Report abuse