- To identify the direction (positive / negative) of the linear relationship between two variables
4.1 Covariance in Excel
- Data -> Data Analysis -> Covariance
4.2 Covariance in R-Programming
- x <- c(77,50,71,72,81,94)
- y <- c(82,66,78,34,47,85)
- cov(x,y)
- [1] 64.73333