TIMELAPSE (under construction)

Timelapse Photography

(http://www.learntimelapse.com/time-lapse-photography-how-to-guide/)

Starting at the beginning…

You probably stumbled upon an incredible work of timelapse and just couldn’t get those unique images and feelings out of your head. Possibly you’re fascinated by nature and the slow changes that occur over a period of time – a flower blooming, a sunset or a moonrise. Maybe it was a construction project or a cityscape at night, full of activity and production. Either way it was the capture of change in a way that we don’t normally see, the telling of a story and change that makes time-lapse what it is. If you are brand new to timelapse let’s start by answering a few questions:

What is timelapse photography?

Where did timelapse photography originate?

We’ve come a long way since Occident’s hooves left the ground but time-lapse still requires patience, dedication, and some special tools and know-how in order to get the scene we design in our minds to show up on screen.

Timelapse Gear: Essentials

Don’t worry, it’s not nearly as bad as you might think. If you’ve already been taking photographs with a DSLR then chances are you have most of what you need. Digital photographers love their gear but here’s a barebones checklist to get you up and running:

Timelapse book page 19: Gear basics

Never forget that all the great photographs in history were made with more primitive camera equipment than you currently own. – Brooks Jensen

Tripods and camera support

Stability (or controlled movement) is the most essential component for a time-lapse photographer. I even listed this before a camera. A heavy sturdy quality tripod is an absolute must. Sometimes older heavy workhorse used models can be an inexpensive gold mine (checkcraigslist) but if you are looking to travel newer designs and moderate weight materials will be your friend. If you do buy new, it pays to do it right once rather than regret and re-buy later.

How to select a tripod for timelapse photography

Tips for making tripods super stable (Video tutorial)

Tripod Reviews

Specific reviews (links/videos/ writeups in the works):

Manfrotto MK293C4-A0RC2 4 Section Carbon Tripod Kit with Quick Release Ball Head [field tested] (amazon)
Benro A0690T Travel Angel Tripod Kit with Aluminum Twist Lock Legs with BH00 Head [field tested] (amazon)
Manfrotto MK294C3-A0RC2 3 Section Carbon Fiber Tripod Kit with Quick Release Ball Head [new item in test] (amazon)
Dynamic Perception D-Pod Micro Tripod [field tested] (link)

Cameras for timelapse

What makes a good time-lapse camera? Well…, talk about a loaded question. DSLR and mirrorless cameras have several advantages and are the focus of this site, but chances are if it can take a picture then there’s probably a way to make a time-lapse.

Things to consider when buying a timelapse camera

What cameras I use for timelapse (expanded section in the works)

Timelapse Camera Reviews

Specific reviews (links/videos/writeups in the works):

Sony Alpha a7s [currently in test] (amazon)
Canon EOS Rebel T3i [field tested] (amazon)
Canon 7D [field tested] (amazon)
Canon 5D Mark III [field tested] (amazon)
GoPro Hero 3+ [field tested] (amazon)

Remote timers and timelapse intervalometers

The goal is accurate and reliable automatic shutter triggering, that’s what an intervalometer does and if you don’t have one built into your camera already there are several different kinds to consider:

Timelapse remote triggers and intervalometers: How to choose the right one

Guide to remote timer camera cable types

I have broken the remote timer world down into 6 segments. Here are quick links directly to their places inside the “How to choose post”

3rd Party Manufacturers (Good: some are perfectly good and cheap)
Name brands (Good, but more expensive)
In Camera and Magic Lantern (Darn good, but some lack features and require DIY work) [dedicated writeup in the works]
Advanced (Better: expensive but offer more features)
Advanced Exposure Ramping (Best: The ultimate solution for day-to-night or night-to-day transitions) [dedicated writeup in the works]
Home-built and DIY (Maker: Some are hard to make and lack features and field reliability, but they are just downright cool to come from your brain and hard work)

Timelapse Remote Timer Reviews

Specific reviews (links/videos/writeups in the works):

Aperture timer remote [field tested] (amazon)
Satechi timer remote [field tested] (amazon)
Timelapse+ [field tested] (website)
Promote Advanced HDR and timelapse controller [field tested] (amazon)
Ramper Pro from Elysia Visuals [currently field testing] (website)
Magic Lantern (on a Canon 7D) [currently field testing] (website)
Trigger Trap [currently field testing] (website)

Neutral density filters

Essentially sunglasses for your lens, ND filters reduce the amount of light entering the camera without altering it’s color. ND filters allow slower shutter speeds and come in handy when we want to create motion blur by dragging our shutter. Motion blur and shutter dragging are discussed inside this explanation of time-lapse exposure.

I used an ND filter in this time-lapse exposure and interval tutorial video (***amateur tutorial warning***

). The link starts the video about half way through when the filter is explained.

Dedicated ND filters master currently being written (check back soon).

Time-lapse intervalometer: how to choose the right one

Satechi (3rd party) Intervalometer

Timelapse book page 30: ND Filters part I

Helpful accessories for timelapse shooters

Battery Grip

Most DSLR’s have an accessory available that allows you to extend the size of the camera’s battery compartment and house two batteries instead of one. Most time-lapse sequences (with the exception of astro-lapses) can get by on one fully charged battery, but the piece of mind of knowing I can shoot a sequence, pick up the camera shoot stills, shoot some video, then setup for a second sequence is well worth the extra $75 (Amazon). I highly recommend a battery grip.

Extra Batteries

No explanation needed

Extra Memory Cards

No explanation needed but we do discuss the importance of higher memory write speed capable cards to keep your buffer time to a minimum.

Card Reader

If you don’t already have one I highly recommend this too. Since we’ll be transferring large numbers of photos there no sense in using camera battery power while we wait for images to transfer. You might want to spend just a few more dollars and invest in a name brand unit. Memory cards are very expensive so protect them. (amazon)

Shooting Timelapse Sequences

First things first, don’t just approach a scene, set down your tripod and begin shooting because guess what?

You’ll end up with a shot just like everyone else’s.

It pays to take your time, look around, and pay extra attention to your composition. As a time-lapse photographer we have an incredible creative tool that few other photographers have, and that’s change. Try to anticipate how your scene will change over time and what composition best captures this change.

Do you want to limit focus?
How do the edges of the composition look?
What about your foreground?
Are you following the rule of thirds?

Rule of thirds animation - creative commons

Timelapse book page 45: Shooting basics flowchart

Lock down your tripod and camera

Stability is absolutely key. Here’s a few reminder tips to ensure a wobble free compilation.

Don’t extend your tripod all the way and use the thicker legs first.
Avoid extending the vertical center rod unless you absolutely have to.
Hang a heavy bag of rocks or gear from the center of the tripod to really press it into the ground
Consider making or buying a few bean bags to use as weight and to set on-top of your camera

Going the extra yard for stability now, instead of trying to correct a shaky time-lapse later, is worth it.

Select a Time-lapse Interval

The interval you select (in relation to the movement that is taking place in front of you) controls how fast the scene appears in the final compilation video.

Main Article:

How to select a time-lapse interval: With examples.

Timelapse exposure and interval tutorial video (jump to the video section)

Common Time-lapse Intervals

No two scenes are exactly alike, but these common intervals may give you a head start:

1 second intervals:

Moving traffic

Fast moving clouds

Drivelapses

1 – 3 second intervals:

Sunsets

Sunrises

Slower moving clouds

Crowds

Moon and sun near horizon (or telephoto)

Things photographed with a telephoto

15 – 30 second intervals:

Moving shadows

Sun across sky (no clouds) (wide)

Stars (15 – 60 seconds)

Longer Intervals:

Fast growing plants (ex vines) (90 – 120 seconds)

Construction projects (5min – 15min)

Interval must be longer than exposure

Frame interval > Exposure time

Your interval MUST exceed your exposure time. A good rule of thumb is to keep your exposure at about 60% – 80% of your interval to give your camera enough time to clear the image buffer before the next frame is taken.

Avoid dropped frames

Think of your camera’s buffer like a pipe connecting the newly recorded image and you camera’s memory card. It takes a little bit of time (depending on your image resolution) for the information to be processed and flow from one place to the other. If you try to send images too quickly some may get lost (your camera will skip a frame). Bad news. I’ll be explaining the concept of camera buffer “dropped frames” in greater detail in a separate post, but for now make sure your camera’s “read/write” light is off before the next frame is taken.

So to summarize: Your exposure time must be padded to allow the images to be fully written to memory before taking the next image. Your frame interval must be longer than your exposure time + buffer time. So…

Total Interval = Exposure time + Buffer + Frame Interval

Setting Your Exposure

Main Article:

Timelapse exposure and interval (a quick summary is excerpted below).

Also take a look at the time-lapse exposure video tutorial for a different angle on this topic.

Understand how to get the images you want

Now it’s ok if you are a little rusty on manual camera control. There are a ton of great online resources and books written and designed by some amazing photographers out there. I am always learning something new. As a refresher to how photographic controls work together to create an exposure, take a look at the time-lapse exposure triangle below.

Wikipedia CC license

Time-lapse exposure triangle

If you are looking for more information on photography and exposure fundamentals here are a few resources to check out:

Cambridge in colour (fantastic tutorials)
The Photo Forum
Digital Photography School
Kelby.tv

Avoid time-lapse flicker

It’s the bane of many a time-lapse photographer. What starts to look like a good time-lapse video is suddenly spattered with some images that look brighter or dimmer than the others making your film appear to “flicker” or “strobe” a few times a second.

Flicker is covered in much more detail here:

Why does flicker occur?
Minimize it’s occurrence by

Combating timelapse flick video tutorial (main video tutorial)

Timelapse book page 65: Flicker flowchart

If you have relatively constant light, shoot in MANUAL mode

Since there wont be too much light change in your scene eliminating the camera’s automatic light metering will greatly reduce the occurrence of time-lapse flicker. If you haven’t read shooting in manual mode yet, I encourage you to do so.

If your light will change consider shooting in APERTURE PRIORITY mode

We chat specifically about advanced exposure ramping intervalometers like the Timelapse+ and the Ramper Pro but for a quick in-camera quasi-solution consider AV mode. Manual mode might quickly over or under expose your image as the scene changes. For example if you set your exposure manually for a low light sunrise scene, as the view gets brighter your image will be quickly overexposed. Shoot in Aperture priority mode (Av mode on your camera dial) instead. Set your aperture and allow the camera to select the corresponding shutter speed for the desired exposure. Over time the camera will meter the changing light in your scene and adjust shutter speed automatically.

You will encounter more flicker but deflickering software in post production goes a long way to correct a majority of any issues.

The full timelapse processing software summary is here.

If you decide to shoot time-lapse in automatic mode of any kind, make sure you cover your DSLR camera’s eyepiece. Stray light can enter and affect camera metering.

Create motion blur by dragging your shutter

In still photography a fast shutter speed and minimal (or no) motion blur is usually the goal, but because time-lapse photography involves the blending of many still frames to create a moving sequence, we can utilize slower shutter speeds and motion blurring to create a smoother looking time-lapse compilation. Here’s how it works:

Motion blur occurs when the image being photographed changes slightly during its exposure. This “change” or motion is captured in the form of a slight blur. Think of this blur as extra information about what is happening within the scene . Since these images are played back-to-back in a compilation (or video), we see an added smoothness to the entire sequence.

Read more about shutter dragging here. You might also want to take a look at the exposure tutorial video where a dragged shutter time-lapse is compared side-by-side to one without dragging. The link is queued up to the spot.

Select an ISO setting

When shooting in manual mode DON’T FORGET to set your ISO to a specific value and remove it from automatic control. Keeping a low ISO setting will result in less photographic noise but will require a brighter scene. A higher ISO results in a sensor that is more sensitive to lower light situations but, it also subjects your final images to more random noise. Here’s a much more detailed ISO explanation with great examples.

White balance and file format

Selecting a white balance is very important if you are recording your images in the JPEG file format. White balance, or what your camera uses to determine the correct color temperature of the scene you are photographing, can create some pretty scary color casts if it is not selected properly.

I’ll defer to more expert explanations to foster a more solid understanding (this white balance tutorial is outstanding) but the best way to achieve the results you want is to shoot in the RAW file format. Shooting in RAW allows you to correct after the photo has been taken and gives you much more control than what might be available in your cameras menu options.

Select manual focus

You’ll want to hit the switch for manual focus for most time-lapse projects. I usually lock a good focus using autofocus then swtch it to manual mode before I begin shooting.

A good tip to ensure proper focus is to take a test photo, view it, and zoom into different parts and check. Alternatively you can switch your camera into live view and zoom into your image allowing you to manually adjust your focus until the image looks good.

Don’t worry, you’ll get better

All this information may seem like a bit of an overload but I assure you as you get some tests under your belt and you take your time to think time-lapse it becomes intuitive.

Think about what is changing in your scene, and how will your camera settings capture that change? Ask yourself, am I allowing any aspects of the exposure to be controlled by my cameras automatic light meter, and if so how is that likely to affect my images when I compile them together?

Creating the timelapse movie

Now that you’ve got a boatload of images I’m going to suggest your throw a few away, well maybe the first one or two. Sometimes when you start your time-lapse recording you may have touched the camera or tripod somewhere so to be sure there is no movement throw one away.

Compiling the images

Here is a list of applications that can work to stitch together your time-lapse compilation. Screen capture tutorials would be the best way to show and explore the how-to process and I should have some available on these applications soon. I have not used everything yet and I primarily use Adobe After Effects CS5. (The full timelapse processing software summary is here.)

Aftereffects ($699 or $49/mo)

LRTimelapse (Free eval version, $116)

Photolapse (Free)

Premiere Pro ($699 or $30/mo)

Quicktime Pro ($30)

VideoMach (Free)

VirtualDub (Free)

Consider deflickering software

GBDeflicker ($99)

CHV Long Exposure plugin for FCP (Time-collection $39)

LRTimelapse (Free eval version, $116)

VirtualDub with MSU Deflicker (Free)

Got some flicker? It’s ok, well sorta. There are several options available to “deflicker” your time-lapse compilation during post production and most of them work quite well. I have the most experience using GBDeflicker a plugin for Adobe application and also a stand alone Windows application. I will be providing a tutorial on how to use this soon as well as other methods for a greater range of budgets and computer types.

A final note

Never let the time-lapse take the fun out of a scene.

I’ll admit it. I’ve stepped outside, looked at the incredible shape and movement and color of the clouds as the evening sunset nears, run back inside, grabbed my gear, sped off to the shore, got everything setup and programmed, only to miss it all as the sun had already set and the clouds have moved by.

I’ve driven to locations and lugged gear down trails only to have forgotten my camera’s memory card or a tripod release plate.

I’ve stayed up until 4:30 am testing astrophotography time-lapse settings only to really botch it all and have nothing usable.

Plan as best you can, make adjustments in the field, then just shoot it.

Compile, critique, and ask questions.

Read some stuff.

Try again.

Experience shooting time-lapse will be your best guide.

Everyone here is learning.

Respect

Always enjoy and respect the property and scene in front of you. Many time-lapse compilation involve scenes of beauty in nature. With your help we can help preserve and protect these views for others. A few bad apples could stop all future photographers from enjoying a scene or unique vantage point.

Share

We are learning new things all the time and we need your help.

Thank you for reading. I hope this has been helpful and can speed you along on your path to incredible time-lapse compilations.

Have a question. Contact me here.

With Adobe Lightroom (http://lrtimelapse.com/workflow/)

Adobe Lightroom is certainly the best solution to edit time lapse sequences in terms of the price performance ratio. With Lightroom 4 and 5 Adobe lowered the price even more so that obtaining this masterpiece is practically a no-brainer.

Please note that Lightroom 5 is not supporting the slideshow templates for time lapse anymore – now LRTimelapse 3 will take over the rendering and will be triggered by the new LRTExport Lightroom Plugin provided with LRT3.

Here is the Workflow for editing and exporting a Time Lapse sequence with LRTimelapse and Adobe Lightroom:

Step 1: Start in LRTimelapse to prepare your images

Select the folder with your time lapse sequence
Click on the top-left Button “Initialize”.
Wait until all the previews are loaded
Define an area in you sequence you are going to use as reference for the brightness. Do this by clicking and dragging with your mouse inside the preview panel.
You might want to play the time lapse via the little play-button below the preview, in order to get you a first impression on the time lapse.
Please note that LRTimelapse only shows the original previews – never the developed images!
Click on “Keyframes Wizard” to create Keyframes automatically or create the Keyframes manually, at least set one Keyframe to the first frame and one to the last frame of the sequence.
Save

Step 2: Switch over to Lightroom

Open the folder with your time-lapse images
Go to grid-view (G) and select all the images (Ctrl-A)
Select Metadata -> Read metadata from files from the menu
Set a filter to only show images with one or more stars (click on the left of the 5 stars on the top right of the lower filmstrip in Lightroom)
Edit the first starred image of the series
Copy/paste the settings of the first image to the next
(Ctrl-Shift-C, Ctrl-Shift-V)
Edit the next image of the sequence differently based on the pasted settings, do this from left to right for all starred images.
Save the metadata for the edited images (Ctrl-S)

Step 3: Return to LRTimelapse

Reload
Click on Auto transition for a smooth transition that will take the key-framed images into account.
Save

Step 4: Now go back to Lightroom

Clear any filter (click on the left star again to deselect it)
Go to Grid-View (G), and select all images (Ctrl-A)
Go to the metadata menu and chose “read metadata from files”. This will update your sequence with the calculated transitions
Now you can export the time lapse movie via the new LRTExport Plugin. Just go to export in the Library Module (not Slideshow, like with LRT2) – choose “LRTimelapse Export” on the left in the section “LRTimelapse” – this will bring up the LRTimelapse exporter. Make sure the path’s are set correctly and then hit export. After creating an intermediate Sequence, LRTimelapse will pop up and offer you a render dialog with all quality, resolution etc. settings and perform the video output.

Dragging shutter example video

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