Greek Philosophers Biographies - Pythagorean school Part 1

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2015-12-20 : the website is under construction. THE PROVERBS ARE O.K., but It will take me a few hours to re-insert the images of the greek philosophers, which for some reason were lost, after my last revision, which i have done a few days ago. so until i remove the sign 'website - under - construction' ... you can study the proverbs with safety !. Please stay on Alert !.

Notes: 1. Diogenes of Sinope ... and ... Sinope ... is the same Greek Philosopher

2. Heraclitus of Ephesus ,,, and ... Ephesus is the same Greek Philosopher

( English ) This Webpage Is Last Updated On 2016 January 13, 18:30 GMT hour. I do not have a computer. In order to access the Internet, I visit often ( once a week ) an Internet Cafe. Next Update will be done on 2016 January 31 in the afternoon !, GOD helping!

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Your big ideas will become reality. The Greek Philosophers Biographies and Quotes in English will help you to transform your life, and the world.Proven to Increase Productivity, Engagement & Retention.

I wanted to get the most broad foundation for a lifelong education that I could find, and that was studying Latin and the classics. Meaning Roman and Greek history and philosophy and ancient civilizations.

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Greek Philosophers Biographies - Pythagorean school Part 1 in English

The Greek philosophers were among the most influential people in history because they invented both philosophy and science. By asking questions about themselves and the world around them, these philosophers helped create modern civilization.

Interestingly enough, the Greek philosophers thought of themselves as scientists rather than thinkers. They called themselves seekers and lovers of wisdom and often studied a wide variety of subjects, including history, physics, law, sociology, politics, mathematics, and biology. The famous philosophers were also teachers, educating wealthy children and operating schools as well as thinkers.

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Author Birth - Death

01 GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PYTHAGOREANS - Pythagoras of Samos (570-495 BCE)

GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PYTHAGOREANS - Philolaus of Croton

GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PRE-SOCRATIC PYTHAGOREANS - Archytas of Tarantum

GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PYTHAGOREANS - Alcmaeon of Croton

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01 GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - Ionians - Pythagoras of Samos (570-495 BCE)

Πυθαγόρειοι φιλόσοφοι - Πυθαγόρας ο Σάμιος

Bust of Pythagoras of Samos in the Capitoline Museums, Rome.

Bust of Pythagoras, Vatican

A scene at the Chartres Cathedral shows a philosopher, on one of the archivolts over the right door of the west portal at Chartres, which has been attributed to depict Pythagoras.

Croton on the southern coast of Magna Graecia (Southern Italy), to which Pythagoras ventured after feeling overburdened in Samos.

Excerpt from Philolaus Pythagoras book, (Sir William Smith, 1870)

The Pythagorean theorem: The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (a and b) equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).

Medieval woodcut showing Pythagoras with bells and other instruments in Pythagorean tuning

Pythagoras, the man in the center with the book, teaching music, in The School of Athens by Raphael

Pythagoreans celebrate sunrise, painting by Fyodor Bronnikov(1827–1902)

Pythagoras, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle

Pythagoras, depicted on a 3rd-century coin

As long as man continues to be the ruthless destroyer of lower living beings he will never know health or peace, for as long as men massacre animals, they will kill each other.

Pythagoras is a famous mathematician who is credited with inventing the Pythagorean Theorem, one of the key computations in geometry. He was also one of the first people to express musical notes through mathematics. Some sources indicate that Pythagoras was the first person to call himself a philosopher and to organize a school of philosophy. He was also a mystic and a religious thinker who founded a sect called the Pythagoreans. The Pythagoreans were reputedly vegetarians and pacifists who believed in reincarnation. Little is known of Pythagoras, but some legends indicate that he was the first to teach that the Earth was round.

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Life

Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC) is one of the most important and enigmatic Presocratic figures. He was born in Samos and traveled for many years in Egypt and the Orient. Due to Samos’ tyrannical rule, Pythagoras migrated to southern Italy about 532 BC and established the Thiasos, a religious and philosophical academy-brotherhood at Croton with ethical and political aims.

Pythagoras was influenced by oriental thought and especially oriental mysticism. He wrote nothing but most of his radical thinking survived in the writings of his students Philolaus, Archytas and Alcmaeon. Pythagoras’ ideas was also influential in Plato and later Platonism. Important stories about his life and activities, but dubious most of them, are presented in the Neoplatonic biographies of Porphyry and Iamblichus.

Philosophy

Pythagoras was a great mathematician. He seems to discover (1) the incommensurability of the side and diagonal of a square, and (2) the Pythagorean theorem for right triangles. On this basis, for Pythagoras cosmos is ordered according to hidden mathematical relations. The power of number has a functional significance, both ontological and cosmological, in the objective world. Number is the wisest and eternal principle in the natural world. It can be observed in the harmony of the world and the musical harmony of the heavenly spheres. Music is the best manifestation of the mathematical cosmos

Testimonies For Testimonies about Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans

See Arthur Fairbanks translations at

http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/pythagor.htm#commentary3

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for more information, please visit the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia in the following web page

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras

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GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PYTHAGOREANS - Philolaus of Croton

Πυθαγόρειοι φιλόσοφοι - Φιλόλαος από τον Κρότωνα ( ο Κροτωνιάτης )

Philolaus (c. 475 BC) systematized the number theory of Pythagoras. He stressed the importance of numerical groupings and the divine properties of number. He conceived number ‘one’ or the Monad as ‘the first principle of all things’. The Monad is the unified principle in the center of the sphere identified with the central fire: the hearth. It is noteworthy that Philolaus’ theory of the central fire is of great significance since it removes for the first time the earth form the center of the universe.

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for more information, please visit the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia in the following web page

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philolaus

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GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PRE-SOCRATIC - PYTHAGOREANS - Archytas of Tarantum

προσωκρατικοί φιλόσοφοι - Πυθαγόρειοι φιλόσοφοι - Αρχύτας ο Ταραντίνος

Archytas (c. 400-350 BC) was the major Pythagorean mathematician specialized in mathematical mechanics. He developed a theory of acoustics and mathematical harmony as well as he solved the problem of doubling the cube by constructing a three-dimensional model. Archytas was also a politician and commander of the city of Tarantum. His philosophical are not clearly known but as a devoted Pythagorean he focused on the importance of numbers in explaining natural and psychical phenomena.

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BIOGRAPHY 1

Greek scientist, philosopher and an important Pythagorean mathematician from Tarantum in southern Italy. He is considered the founder of mathematical mechanics along with the most important researcher of acoustics in ancient Greece.

He was an active member of the political life. Thanks to his knowledge, ethics and personal virtues, his fellow citizens admired him so much that they chose him to be the governor of Tarantum seven times (although the city law did not allow one to rule more than one year. Aristotle and Aristoxenus wrote about his life and writings, while his dear friend Plato found in Archytas a supporter during his persecution by Dionysus of Syracuse. Plato himself used the results of Archytas’ research in his mathematical works, and there is strong belief than Eukleides himself used the proof Archytas wrote in his 8th book “of the Elements”.

Tradition has him to have constructed a wooden pigeon flying around using compressed air.

Archytas, who was a second generation student of Pythagoras (the Greek philosopher who pointed out the importance of numbers as tools to interpret everything around us) tried to combine practical observation with Pythagorean theory. In geometry he solved the so called “delian problem” (doubling the cube) using semi-cylinders to a 3d model. Archytas must have took active part in the Pythagorean research of spaces. He tried to define their relativity in all three genes of ancient Greek music.

The fame of Archytas as a scientist and mathematician is mostly due to his achievements in geometry, acoustics, and music theory, rather than his idealistic explanations of human relationship and nature of society according to the Pythagorean theory of numbers.

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for more information, please visit the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia in the following web page

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytas

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GREAT GREECE ( GREEK SPEAKING LOWER ITALY ) ( MAGNA GRAECIA ) - PYTHAGOREANS - Alcmaeon of Croton

Πυθαγόρειοι φιλόσοφοι - Αλκμαίων από τον Κρότωνα ( ο Κροτωνιάτης )

Alcmaeon (c. 6th c. BC) was a contemporary of Pythagoras. He is known as philosopher and physiologist. He seems to be the first who supported the significance of the brain as the seat of consciousness and intelligence as well as he practiced dissection of human bodies for research purposes. For Alcmaeon the soul is the source of life. The soul is immortal yet we die because we cannot join the beginning with the end. He also stated that cosmic harmony is the harmony between pairs of contraries. Alcmaeon also believed that that health consists in the equilibrium of the body’s component contraries.

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BIOGRAPHY

A Crotonean Pythagorean philosopher, physicist and doctor. He was taught personally but Pythagoras himself, and he is one of the few lucky that got to know the great master and have a close relationship with him. In order to show the limited view of human knowledge he points out early in his book that while Gods have a clear view of the visible and invisible world, people can only suppose and come to conclusions through their observations. It is obvious that in his long lost –except a few extracts- book, he wanted to talk about the visible world, rather than the invisible. As a result his ideas concerned the areas of medicine, physiology and psychology.

Alkmaeon was the first to recognize the human brain as the main organ connecting all of the human senses. The difference between humans and animals is that while animals just fell, people can rationalize and understand.

His interest in medicine and physiology led him to express some remarkable ideas concerning health and sickness. He states that health, is harmony of the several forces affecting the body, the equality of rights inside the body of liquid, dry, hot, cold, bitter, sweet etc, but when one of them takes full control, sickness is born. Health is the symmetrical mixture of the different qualities inside us. The living body is a system where the basic forces that it consists of should be equal to their opposites and when that happens, the system works in harmony. Harmony is affected when a force gains power over her normal measures. Sickness is the disharmony created because of that. Healing as a result consists of balancing the disturbed equilibrium.

Alkmaeon also tried to give a reasonable explanation of aging and death of organisms. He explained the course of the body through the time, and towards death, as the consequence of a series of constant internal changes. Each living organism lives a linear course of life, not a circular one, but a straight line towards the end of death.

It is by similar case that he tried to prove the immortality of the soul. If the body is perished duo to his straight limited course, the celestial bodies are immortal because they move in a constant, eternal circle. Taking the sun as the best example of a seemingly endless circular eternal movement, we can understand Alkmeon’s teaching that the soul is immortal, moving constantly like the sun.

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for more information, please visit the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia in the following web page

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton

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