Hinojos

Hernando de Hinojos, a native of Cartaya, Andalucía, is one of the least recognized common ancestors of people with deep roots in New Mexico. This is probably because his surname was not passed on to subsequent generations beyond the 1600s. Instead, he is a common ancestor through his granddaughter, doña Juana de Anaya Almazán, wife of Ignacio Baca.

It is not certain when Hernando de Hinojos arrived in Nueva España but by his own account from the year 1617 he was already in Nueva España by 1591. By February 1597, he and his brother, Sebastián Rodríguez Hinojos, answered the call for volunteer soldiers to join the expedition of don Juan de Oñate into New Mexico. The earliest account of these brothers is from a copy of the expedition muster roll of February 17, 1597, made at the Minas de Casco in Nueva Vizcaya at which time they declared they were natives of the Villa de Cartaya in the Condado de Niebla and sons of Juan Ruiz.

 Archivo General de Indias, Patronato, 22, ramo 4, f. 410v

Her[nan]do de ynojos ___________

              Sebastian Rodriguez hinojos her[ma]nos

naturales de la villa de cartaya del

condado de niebla hijos de juan

Ruiz cada Uno con cota y Harcabuz

y su criado con todas las demas har

mas de sus persona y Cavallos

y mas d[e] otro cota cada Uno_____

Traveling with the two brothers was a criado, an aide or servant whose name was not recorded. Ten months later while encamped at the Valle de San Bartolomé, Nueva Vizcaya, they were once again accounted for as soldiers of the New Mexico expedition (AGI, Patronato, Ramo 4, f. 460v, Salazar Inspection; for English translation see George P. Hammond, ed, and Agapito Rey, trans., Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1528-1628, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953, Vol. I, 158). In a record of the personal belongings of the brothers that was recorded on December 7, 1597, they were listed immediately ahead of Alférez Juan Pérez de Bustillo who mentioned he was travelling to New Mexico with his wife, two sons, and seven daughters. This is significant because Hernando de Hinojos would marry one of those daughters, doña Beatriz Pérez de Bustillo.

Another muster roll of soldiers occurred on January 8, 1598, at the Minas de Todos Santos, at which Hernando de Hinojos presented himself and declared he was a son of Juan Ruiz, a native of Cartaya, and age 36, indicating he was born circa 1561 (AGI, Patronato 22, Ramo 4, f.495; and Hammond and Rey, Don Juan de Oñate, Vol. I, 296). Hernando was described as being of good body (bueno cuerpo) and having a chestnut-colored beard. He was followed immediately by his brother, Sebastián, who gave his age as 30 (born circa 1567) and was described as having a long or thick mustache and a red beard, and he was also of good body.

Curiously, there were five other men enumerated in the same muster roll who were also born in the Villa de Cartaya:

• Squadron leader Francisco Sánchez, native of Cartaya, son of Diego Sánchez (AGI, Patronato 22, Ramo 4, f.407r).

• Diego Jiménez, native of the Villa de Cartaya, in the Condado de Niebla, son of Juan Martín Castilleja  (AGI, Patronato 22, Ramo 4, f. 408v).

• Juan de Pedraza, native of Cartaya in the Condado de Niebla. Son of Alonso González (AGI, Patronato 22, Ramo 4, f. 410r).

• Juan Camacho, native of the Villa de Cartaya in the Condado de Niebla, son of Antonio Sánchez (AGI, Patronato 22, Ramo 4, f. 412v).

• Francisco Ramírez Achero [Hachero], native of the Villa de Cartaya, son of Gómez de Salazar (AGI, Patronato 22, Ramo 4, f. 418r).

To what degree these men knew each other is not known from the historical record, but it is worthwhile to consider that some of them may have travelled together from the Villa de Cartaya to Nueva España.

Just eight months after arriving in New Mexico, Sebastián Rodríguez died at Acoma in December 1598.

There are very few references to Hernando de Hinojos in surviving archival records of the early 1600s. He married doña Beatriz Pérez de Bustillo, one of the seven daughters of Juan Pérez de Bustillo and María de la Cruz. They were parents of at least three children: Miguel de Hinojos, another son whose name that was not recorded, and doña Gerónima Pérez de Bustillo, who married Francisco de Anaya Almazán, the younger, son Francisco de Anaya Almazán and Juna López de Villafuerte.

Hernando de Hinojos rose to the rank of captain and his name was recorded with that rank when he was a witness to a document dated January 30, 1617,  prepared by fray Esteban de Perea in a criminal case against don Juan de Escarramad, an ally of former governor don Pedro de Peralta in opposition to the assertion of Franciscan governing authority (Archivo General de la Nación, México-AGN, Inquisición, t. 316, exp. 3, Causa criminal contra don Juan de Escarramad, 1617, f. 184r). The other witnesses were Sargento Mayor Pedro Durán y Chaves, and Alférez Pedro Varela, who along with Hernando were identified as vecinos of the Villa de Santa Fe. It is worthwhile to note that these three men and their sons and in-laws became long-time members of a political faction that supported Franciscan governing authority in New Mexico.

On March 27, 1617, at the Convento de la Madre de Dios de la Asunción in the Villa de Santa Fe, Captain Hernando de Hinojos, giving his age as 54 (born circa 1563), testified in a case against Gerónimo Márquez, declaring that he had known Márquez for twenty-six years, since 1591, and stated that twelve years earlier, in 1605, during the time of don Juan de Oñate, Márquez was involved in scandal and had always been against the Franciscans (AGN, Inquisición, t. 318, exp. 9B, El alcalde del Nuevo México aviso de lo que padecen alla y lo que hizo el Padre fray Isidro Ordoñez, 1618, f. 492v-493r).

The last known historical reference to Captain Hernando de Hinojos is from a statement of Alférez Juan López Holguín recorded at the convento of San Francisco de Sandía on May 21, 1626, in which López Holguín referred back to a conversation with former governor don Bernardino de Ceballos, who served as governor of New Mexico in the years 1614-1618, that occurred in the presence of Captain Hernando de Hinojos and Captain Juan Ruiz de Cáceres (AGN, Inquisición, t. 356, exp. 133, Contra Don Juan de Eulate, 1626, f.309)

It is not known when Hernando de Hinojos died, but he was deceased by March 1631 when his widow, “doña Beatris de Bustillos,” provided testimony as part of an Edict of Faith in which residents of New Mexico came forward to denounce any behaviors by themselves or other that went against the Catholic faith (AGN, Inquisición, t. 372, exp. 16 y 19, f. 14v). Doña Beatriz gave her age as 38, indicating she was born circa 1593.

Agustín de Hinojos, Catalina de Hinojos, and Juan Ruiz de Hinojos

Agustín de Hinojos, son of Hernando de Hinojos, served as a member of the cabildo (town council) of the Villa de Santa Fe in 1639 holding the position as one of two regidores (AGN, Provincias Internas, tomo 35, exp. 5, La bula de la Santa Cruzada, 1639, f. 128r, 131r, 132v, and 138v). It is assumed that his mother was doña Beatriz Pérez de Bustillo. It is not known if he was married or if he had any children.

In 1646, Agustín was one of fourteen soldiers serving as the escort of the royal government wagon caravan travelling from Mexico City to New Mexico. In the list of these soldiers, he was identified being from the Villa de Santa, son of “Fernando de Ynojosa,” “well built, swarthy with black hair and beard,” and was 33 years old, indicating he was born circa 1613 (Joseph P. Sánchez, Between Two Rivers: The Atrisco Land Grant in Albuquerque History, 1692-1968, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, 191n7, citing AGN, Hacienda, 472, Los catorce soldados que an de yr haziendo escolta a los carros de su Majestad que este pessente año de 1646 se despachan a las provincias de la Nueva México).

Fray Angélico Chávez mentioned that Agustín de Hinojos and Catalina de Hinojos were wedding sponsors, but the citation for the source given as footnote #12 in the text on page 48 of ONMF does not appear among the footnotes on page 49 and the source has not yet been located. It is probable that Agustín and Catalina were children of Hernando de Hinojos and doña Beatriz Pérez de Bustillo. Catalina de Hinojos may have been named after doña Catalina Pérez de Bustillo, sister of doña Beatriz.

Juan Ruiz de Hinojos was apparently a namesake of Juan Ruiz, the father of Hernando de Hinojos. There are no known records that provide the name of the parents of Juan Ruiz de Hinojos. The only known sources that mention him are in regard to the conflict between the Franciscan leadership and Governor don Luis de Rosas that culminated in the murder of Rosas.

Like Hernando de Hinojos, Juan Ruiz de Hinojos, was a supporter of Franciscan authority in New Mexico. He was one of the head leaders in the imprisonment and murder of Rosas for which he was tried for treason and then beheaded with seven other men at 4:00 p.m. on Tuesday, July 21, 1643, in the Villa de Santa Fe (AGI, Patronato, 244, R.7, Levantamiento Nuevo México, proceder del obispo Palafox, ff. 70r and 72r).

There is a case to be made that Juna Ruiz de Hinojos was indeed a son of Hernando de Hinojos. In a petition to royal officials dated November 16, 1643, Mexico City, submitted on behalf of Alonso Baca, don Fernando Durán y Chaves, don Pedro Durán y Chaves, and don Juan Ramirez de Salazar, these four men were identified as brothers, nephews and first cousins of the captains Antonio Baca, Francisco de Salazar, Diego Marques, Cristóbal Enríquez, Juan de Archuleta, Juan Ruiz de Hinojos, Nicolas Pérez y Diego Martin Barba, who were each beheaded for the murder of Governor Rosas (AGI, Patronato, 244, R.7, Levantamiento Nuevo México, proceder del obispo Palafox, f. 78r).

We know from documentation that Alonso Baca and Antonio Baca were brothers and that their nephews were the Durán y Chaves brothers, don Ferando and do Pedro. Apparently, Juan Ramírez de Salazar and Francisco de Salazar were related, perhaps brothers. It is not clear how the petitioners were related to the other beheaded men, although it is possible that Juan de Archuleta and Juan Ruiz de Hinojos were first cousins since two Pérez de Bustillo sister were married respectively to Asencio de Archuleta and Hernando de Hinojos.

Miguel de Hinojos

During the residencia of don Bernardo López de Mendizábal, the formal review of López de Mendizábal during his time as governor, individuals came forward with complaints as well as allegations of improper behavior. Among the many complainants was Captain Miguel de Himojos, who identified himself as an encomendero of New Mexico in October 1661 and as a son of Captain Hernando de Hinojos (AGN, Real audiencia, Tierras, t. 3268, exp. 1, Concurso a los bienes de Diego de Peñalosa y Bernardo de Mendizábal, y algunos autos hecha en el Nuevo México para la residencia que se tomo a dich Mendizábal, 1660-1668. f. 144r-144v).  This is the source that connects Miguel de Hinojos and Gerónima Pérez de Bustillos to Hernando de Hinojos.

In his complaint, Miguel declared that when López de Mendizábal arrived as governor he demanded that the vecinos of New Mexico present to him their papers of appointments and encomienda. Miguel provided his papers, which included those regarding the services of his father and his brother, whose name was not provided but may have been a reference to Agustín de Hinojos.

Miguel stated that among his papers was an encomienda grant of one-third of the Pueblo de Jumanas made to him under the authority of Governor Juan Manso that López de Mendizábal revoked despite the fact, as stated by Miguel, that he served his “Royal and Catholic Majesty” as a soldier at a large cost and with many provisions of his own. Miguel asked that his encomienda be reinstated to him and that López de Mendizábal compensate him the amount of 140 pesos, which was presumably the equivalent of the tribute that would have been collected during the two years since the revocation of his encomienda.

Several years later, doña Teresa de Aguilera y Roche, the wife of former Governor don Bernardo López de Mendizábal, referred to “Miguel de Hinojos, in case he should have testified, and his wife and sons and sister and daughter: He is our enemy because Don Bernardo removed him from the chieftainship of the Jemez on account of illness and incapacity, and he had a complaint about his collecting what he owed him, and also about the rebukes to his sister and niece, which they all complain about bitterly, even though they live as they do, and also for many other reasons that my husband knows better than I; and he is a claimant in the audit” (AGN, Inquisición, t. 596, exp, 1, El Señor Fiscal del Santo Oficio contra Doña Teresa e Aguilera y Roche, mujer de Don Bernardo López de Mendizábal, 1663, f. 156v; transcribed by Magdalena Coll and translated by John H. R Polt, University of Berkley, Cibola Project).

Fray Angélico Chávez wrote that Miguel de Hinojos had a daughter named María and that she was the wife of Juan de la Vega. He also indicated that María’s mother seemed to be an Apache, not a “Zuni Woman as is often found on the Internet.”

The source that Fray Angélico cited regarding María de Hinojos is AGN, Mexico, Inquisición, tomo 596, f. 66, which is the testimony of doña Teresa de Aguilera y Roche, wife of Governor don Bernardo López de Mendizabal, recorded in June 1663 while she was held in the prison of the Office of the Inquisition in Mexico City. Doña Teresa recounted that she was told several years earlier (sometime between 1659 and March 1662), that Ines de Anaya and her daughter, Ana Rodríguez, had been in an argument along the bank of the Santa Fe River with María, the wife of Juan de la Vega and a daughter of Miguel de Hinojos. Ines and Ana had told María to be quite because she was an “Apacha,” “que quiere decir decendiente de indios apaches,” “which is to say she was descended of Apache Indians” (AGN, t. 596, exp, 1, El Señor Fiscal del Santo Oficio contra Doña Teresa e Aguilera y Roche, mujer de Don Bernardo López de Mendizábal, 1663, f. 67r; transcribed by Magdalena Coll and translated by John H. R Polt, University of Berkley, Cibola Project).

Based on doña Teresa’s testimony, the wife of Miguel de Hinojos, whose name is not known, was at least part Apache Indian, perhaps a mestiza, or may have been an Apache woman.

The name of the son of Miguel de Hinojos is not known and there are no known descendants of Miguel beyond the 1600s.

Doña Gerónima Pérez de Bustillo

Doña Gerónima Pérez de Bustillo, daughter of Hernando de Hinojos and doña Beatriz Pérez de Bustillo, married Francisco de Anaya Almazán, son of Francisco de Anaya Almazán and Juana López de Villafuerte (ONMF, 4; AASF, Roll 59, Diligencias Matrimoniales, 1693, February 5, no. 22, Real de San Lorenzo, for doña Juana de Anaya Almazán and Juana de la Cruz y Olivas; and Fray Angélico Chaves, “New Mexico Roots, ltd.” 1387).

Testimony given by doña Teresa de Aguilera y Roche further identified doña Gerónima as a sister of Miguel de Hinojos, son of Hernando de Hinojos:

“Francisco de Anaya and his wife, in case they should have testified: He is the son of Almazán, who was Don Diego’s [Governor don Diego de Peñalosa] secretary in the audit, and he has his own cause for complaint because Don Bernardo [López de Mendizábal] scolded him for the troubles he caused because a mulatto attacked him with his sword on account of his wife. And he is our enemy because he is the uncle of Ana Rodríguez, and Don Diego called them his relatives. He has the usual complaints about escort duty and expeditions, and he is a great troublemaker, and she is the sister of Miguel de Hinojos. And for these reasons and others they are our enemies.” —AGN, Inquisición, t. 596, exp, 1, El Señor Fiscal del Santo Oficio contra Doña Teresa e Aguilera y Roche, mujer de Don Bernardo López de Mendizábal, 1663, f. 161r; transcribed by Magdalena Coll and translated by John H. R Polt, University of Berkley, Cibola Project.

Doña Gerónima Pérez de Bustillo and Francisco de Anaya Almazán were parents of doña Juana de Anaya Almazán, born circa 1664, who married Ignacio Baca on February 17, 1693, at the Real de San Lorenzo in the jurisdiction of El Paso del Río del Norte (AASF, Roll 59, Diligencias Matrimoniales, 1693, February 5, no. 22, Real de San Lorenzo, for doña Juana de Anaya Almazán and Juana de la Cruz y Olivas; and Fray Angélico Chaves, “New Mexico Roots, ltd.” 1387).

Ignacio Baca died in the latter part of 1692. In December 1692, twenty-eight year-old doña Juana de Anaya Almazán was a widow who volunteered to return to northern New Mexico with other families under the leadership of Governor don Diego de Vargas. In her large household were here nine children, one niece and ten dependents:

Alonso Baca, 12; Ignacio Baca, 11; Juan Baca, 10; Gregoria Baca, 8; Antonia Baca, 7; aría Magdalena, 6; Luis Baca, 4; Gerónima Baca, 4; and Margarita Baca, 2.

Her niece, Ana Magdalena (no surname), age 15; and dependents Antonio, 30, Baltasar, 6, José, 4, Pedro, 6, Pascuala, 40, Francisca, 12, Marcela, 30, Antonia 25, Isabel 15, and Margarita 10.

Source: John L. Kessell, Rick Hendricks, and Meridith D. Dodge, editors, To the Royal Crown Restored: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, 1692-1694, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1995, 55.

Doña Juana de Anaya Almazán made the journey northward as part of the group of families that arrived at the Villa de Santa Fe in December 1693. Just two months later, in early February 1693, doña Juana de Anaya Almazan sought to marry Juana de la Cruz y Olivas, a soldier of the presidio at El Paso del Río del Norte from Durango, Nueva Vizcaya, son of Pedro Olivas de Rueda and Magdalena Abeyta (AASF, Roll 59, Diligencias Matrimoniales, 1693, February 5, no. 22, Real de San Lorenzo, for doña Juana de Anaya Almazán and Juana de la Cruz y Olivas; and Fray Angélico Chaves, “New Mexico Roots, ltd.” 1387). As part of this prenuptial investigation, doña Juana identified herself as was a daughter of Francsico de Anaya Almazán and “doña Gerónima de Bustillo,” deceased. Juan Pacheco, a witness on behalf of doña Juana, declared that he knew here since she was a child and that Ignacio Baca died “about a year ago.”

Doña Juana met a tragic end when she was killed by Pueblo Indians on June 4, 1696, at San Ildefonso Pueblo along with her son,  sixteen year-old Alonso Baca, two unnamed sons, and her daughters, doña Rosa and doña Leonor, wife of Pedro Sánchez (Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge, eds, Blood on the Boulders: The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, New Mexico, 1694-97, Book 2, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998, 729, 734, 870, 874, 894-895). As many as fifteen other settlers were killed in uprising of a small number of Pueblo Indians.

The May 1697 livestock distribution list included an entry for the orphans of “doña Juana de Almazán,” named as Luis and Magdalena and the orphan daughter of Ignacio Baca, listed immediately after as Antonia, Gerónima, and Margarita (Kessell, Hendricks and Dodge, eds, Blood on the Boulders:The Journals of Don Diego de Vargas, Book 2, 1148). It’s not clear why there were two separate entries rather than a single entry for this family, Nonetheless, it this through the known children of Ignacio Baca and doña Juana de Anaya Almazán that may people with deep family roots in New Mexico are descendants of Hernando de Hinojos.

 Josefa de Hinojos

Josefa de Hinojos, wife of Diego Montoya, is a common ancestor for many people with deep Hispano roots in New Mexico. In online sources, Josefa de Hinojos is mistakenly identified as a daughter of Bartolomé de Salazar and María de Hinojos. While there was a man named Bartolomé de Salazar who lived in New Mexico in the latter half of the 1600s, the full name of his wife is not known from historical documentation.

In 1662, Diego de Trujillo made a brief reference to a woman named María as his comadre and as the widow of Captain Bartolomé de Salazar (AGN, Inquisición, t. 598, exp. 8, Tesificación contra Fray Juan de la Asención de la Orden de San Francisco, residente en Nuevo México, 1663, 126r). No surname of María was recorded. It is not clear why the surname of Hinojos has been applied to this María as found on the Internet.

It was Fray Angélico Chávez who speculated that Diego de Trujillo had taken some daughters of Bartolomé de Salazar and placed them in the household of Andrés Hurtado and doña Bernardina de Salas y Trujillo (Fray Angélico Chávez, Chávez: A Distinctive American Clan of New Mexico, Santa Fe: William Gannon, 1989, 68-69). This was pure speculation and not based on archival documentation.

While digging deep into archival source for my research into Juana Domínguez for my article title “Cotoya: Juana Domínguez, A Woman Between Two Cultures,” I came across testimony of Juan Candelaria within a prenuptial investigation record who stated that Josefa de Hinojos who married Diego Montoya was a coyota descendiente del Pueblo de Zuñi hermana de un Indio llamada Ventura,” “coyota, descended of the Pueblo of Zuñi, sister of an Indian named Ventura” (AASF, Roll 63, DM 1775, February 12, nos. 18 and 20, Alburquerque, frame 464). Candelaria further deposed that he knew “Josepha de ynojos madre de Antonio Montoya visabuelo de Visente Duran y Chaves,” “Josefa de Hinojos, mother of Antonio Montoya, the great-grandfather of Vicente Durán y Chaves.”

As a coyota, Josefa de Hinojos was ¼ español and ¾ Indian. On April 15, 1694, while encamped at Las Boquillos south of Cochiti Pueblo, Governor don Diego de Vargas received into the camp “the war captain of the Zuñi nation, the coyote, Ventura,” and another Indian (Kessell, Hendricks, and Dodge, eds., Blood on the Boulders, Book 1, 188-189). Ventura was sent by his people to welcome Vargas and informed him that the Zuñi nation was “very safe and satisfied and were at war with the Melchón Apaches, who were their enemies, as were the Moquinos [Hopi], Utes and Coninas Apaches.” They desired to receive Vargas in peace and welcomed any defense he could offer.

In a letter dated April 26, 1694, to the Zuñi people, Vargas referred to Ventura as his compadre (Kessel Hendrick, and Dodge, eds., Blood on the Boulders, Book 1, 216). Vagas agreed to provide defense on behalf of the Zuñi nation and he asked the Zuñi people to consider moving to an abandoned pueblo in the Río Abajo region to be closer to the Villa de Santa Fe.

The war captain and coyote Ventura appears to be the same person identified as the brother of Josefa. They very likely shared the same mother but may have had different fathers.

There is yet no known record that identifies the parents of Josefa de Hinojos. Her surname suggests that her father was a member of the Hinojos family. The name of her mother is not known.

Josefa de Hinojos and Diego de Montoya were parents of several children and are common ancestor for many people with roots in New Mexico. See the Montoya-Hinojos section for details.

Cristóbal Ruiz de Hinojos, Hernando de Hinojos, Juan Ruiz de Hinojos, and Diego de Hinojos

Cristóbal Ruiz de Hinojos was present for the dedication of the founding of the church of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe at El Paso del Río del Norte on January 15, 1668 (France V. Scholes, “Documents for the History of the New Mexican Missions in the Seventeenth Century,” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. IV, April 1929, No. 2, 201). His surname certainly indicates he was a member of the Hinojos family of New Mexico, but the names of his parents are not yet known. He became one of the earliest residents of the small community of Casas Grandes in Nueva Vizcaya from as early as 1678 (see “After the Pueblo Revolt, Part 2” for source information). He was still residing there along with other former New Mexicans in April 1685. (AGN, Provincias Internas 37 exps. 5-7, Autos sobre los socorros que pide el governador de la Nueva Mexico, 1685, f. 272v, transcribed by Barbara De Marco and Jerry R Craddock as “Dossier Concerning the Administration of Domingo Gironza Petris de Cruzate, Governor of New Mexico, 1684-1685,” published under the auspices of the Cíbola Project).

In the aftermath of the Pueblo Indian uprising of August 1680, there was only one adult Hinojos male accounted for among the refugees of northern New Mexico as documented in available historical records. On September 29, 1680, at La Salineta on the way to El Paso del Río del Norte, Hernando de Hinojos passed muster among the survivors of the uprising with a family of five persons (Charles Wilson Hackett ed., and Charmion Clair Shelby, trans., The Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1942 and 1970, I: 150). He was not identified as married and it is possible that siblings were among the five individuals in his household. This would explain why two other Hinojos men were accounted for in the following year of 1681.

There were two muster rolls conducted in September 1681 in the jurisdiction of El Paso del Río del Norte. On September 10, Hernando de Hinojos passed muster with his weapons and equipment, declaring he was married age 36, indicating he was born circa 1645. On September 27, his name was recorded with the military rank of ayudante (adjutant) and he declared he was married, a native of New Mexico, age 36. The names of his parents are not yet known. Clearly, his was a namesake of Hernando de Hinojos who came to New Mexico in 1598, who was very likely his grandfather.

Hernando de Hinojos was still residing in the jurisdiction of El Paso del Río del Norte in 1684 when he was listed in a census with a household of eight people, which included six children, all not named (AGN, Provincias Internas 37, exps. 5-7, Autos sobre los socorros que pide el governador de la Nueva Mexico, 1685, f. 202r; transcribed by Barbara De Marco and Jerry R Craddock as “Dossier Concerning the Administration of Domingo Gironza Petris de Cruzate, Governor of New Mexico, 1684-1685,” published under the auspices of the Cíbola Project).

Also accounted for in the muster rolls of September 1681 were these two Hinojos men:

• Diego de Hinojos, single, native of New Mexico, age 23-24 (b.ca. 1657-1658), soldier of the presidio (Hackett and Shelby, Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, II: 64 and 134).

• Juan Ruiz de Hinojos, age 23 (b.ca. 1657), single (Hackett and Shelby, Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, II: 68).

There was an individual named Juan Antonio Ruiz de Hinojos who was residing at Casa Grandes in 1685 and served as an interpreter in the region of Casas Grandes and in the El Paso del Río del Norte jurisdiction (see “After the Pueblo Revolt, Part 2” for source information). The exact familial relationship between Juan Antonio Ruiz de Hinojos, Cristóbal Ruiz de Hinojos, and the other Hinojos men of El Paso del Río del Norte is not yet known from archival documentation.

 Researcher: José Antonio Esquibel

Narrative by: José Antonio Esquibel