The Sturmtiger or Sturmmörser Wagen 606/4 mit 38cm RW61 was a German assault gun built on the chassis of a Tiger I. Each Sturmtigers were armed with a 380mm rocket propelled mortar and their purpose was to provide immense fire support for infantry units and destroy enemy structures. After the battle of Stalingrad, the Germans needed a vehicle that was capable of destroying heavily fortified buildings. The Wehrmacht decided to create a new vehicle based on the Tiger I and arm it with a 210mm howitzer. Plans were changed when the Wehrmacht realized there were no 210mm howitzers available, so they decided to replace it with a 380mm rocket launcher. Sturmtigers were effective at destroying structures, but were very ineffective at hitting mobile targets. Very few Sturmtigers were built and fought mainly on the western front.
Book Review: The Complete Memoirs of U.S. Grant
By Chuheng Wen from 804
Introduction
The life and times of the General and eventual President of Ulysses S. Grant spans over a massive time period. From the Jacksonian Era in which he grew up to the Mexican-American which Grant helped wrap up. And to the war which defined his image within the American public, the Civil War. Although known to be a horrible President due to how corrupt his cabinet was, Grant was one of America’s finest tacticians, even defeating the esteemed Confederate General Robert E. Lee in their own turf of the US during the Civil War. And it would be this period before his presidency that his memoirs would entirely talk about. Helped out by the exceptional writer Mark Twain and by Grant’s desperate need of money to pay off his debts. This book is arduous, one too big I cannot talk about in full in this article or it would be 20 pages long. Therefore, I’ll talk about majorly the beginning half of the book and leaving the other half quickly glossed over as this book is something worth reading if you are really interested in the time period – as I’ve learned a lot of information I could have never known without this book – something this article cannot capture in terms of feeling and the numbing feeling of a long war.
Chapter I: Grant’s Early Life
Before Grant is even born, we get a lot of information about his family. From having a 100% American-born family to his half-uncle, Peter Grant, being friends and roommates with THE John Brown’s father. Along with that, we learn about Grant’s father, Jesse Grant, who was a man who was very keen about the education of himself. And especially his children, when on April 27th, 1822 and in the state of Ohio, Ulysses S. Grant would be born (although being born as Hiram Ulysses Grant, he never directly stated that he was in this novel, but it is a fact to keep in mind).
Being given a good education that only consisted of the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic, Grant, at the age of 17, would then get nominated by his state’s Representative, Thomas L. Hamer—an ex-friend of his father's after a political debate over Andrew Jackson’s policies with the Central Bank—to the best school in the country for military positions, WEST POINT (it would also be here that the name Ulysses S. Grant would be adopted due to a transcript typo). We don’t see much of Grant at West Point, but what we do know is that Grant tried higher levels of math than simple arithmetic, for example, trying algebra. However, when Grant tried algebra all by himself, without any instruction at all from a teacher, he would comment that "... it was Greek to me" (pg. 13). This information really intrigued me as, currently in 8th grade, I am learning about algebra while Grant had to independently learn it at college. It is truly something to think about how the school system of America has developed from teaching algebra at A COLLEGE level to a class that a bunch of 13- to 14-year-olds have to take in order to get onto the next level of Algebra and so much more.
It would also be at West Point that we see important figures of the time period after the Jacksonian Era, people such as General Winfield Scott and President Martin Van Buran. Both of whom Grant would remark, “... (Martin Van Buran) did not impress me with awe which Scott had inspired (pg. 21).” Something else I find interesting since when was the last time anyone has ever talked about Martin Van Buran, and especially in a comparison with the brilliant General Winfield Scott? (Image to the right is him at West Point) ->
Chapter II: Grant’s experiences with the Mexican-American War
It would be in 1843 when Grant graduated from West Point. Upon his graduation, Grant would move to Saint Louis’ Jefferson Barracks, described by Grant himself as “The Largest Post in the Country (pg.23).” It would be here that Grant would describe the sequence of events which led to the Mexican-American War: from American settlers introducing slavery in the Mexican controlled region of modern-day Texas, President James Polk’s insistence in taking Texas, and a myriad of other reasons. However, speaking of President James Polk, he would send one General Zachary Taylor to prepare for a WAR against the Mexicians. It would be here that Grant would somehow, after taking a leave to Ohio and somehow ending up in New Orleans before arriving in Taylor’s army of invasion.
General Taylor moved the army of invasion to Corpus Christi. In which, one of Grant’s esteemed colleagues would die from a random illness, greatly saddened, Grant would learn one of the many lessons of life that he would learn in this war alone, that being “... how little men have control over their own destiny (pg.49).” However, besides the many great lessons Grant would learn along the way to the capture of the Mexican capital of Mexico City, we would also see the rise of the many important figures of the Civil War and their early careers.
For one example, at the Battle of Monterey, where the American forces would be set against the monumental structure of the Mexican fort called “BLACK FORT” and the city of Monterey’s central citadel. It would be here when the Americans besieged the city that we would see one of the first prominent Civil War Generals of the future make an appearance, the then Lieutenant George Meade, who led engineers to scout around the “Black Fort”. Later on, we would see further appearances of these Civil War Generals in such battles like the Battle of Cerro Gordo. In which, Captain Robert E. Lee and funnily enough, his side companions George B. McClellan, both of whom were staunch opponents in the Civil War, and PGT Beauregard, the instigator of the CIVIL WAR, who all together led Engineers to find an opening to bypass the geographical walls of the city which the US Army was besieging.
With all of these events going on in the war, I’d like to point out a few things I find interesting. For example, staunch rivals McClellan and Robert E. Lee or the instigator of the Civil War itself all being PARTNERS and leading a scouting mission on hostile terrain? Now that is an event I did not foresee going into the Mexican-American War. Not to mention, the massive amounts of contributions from the engineers in this war. I’d like to show an example of the INSTRUMENTAL part the engineers played in the Battle of Cerro Gordo, the same battle which we see the Robert E. Lee and McClellan episode: “Under the supervision of the engineers, roadways had been opened over chasms to right where the walls were so steep that men could barely climb them… These had been opened under the cover of night, without attracting the notice of the enemy. The engineers, who had directed the opening, led the way and the troops followed… The attack was made, the Mexican Reserves behind the works beaten to a HASTY retreat (pg.61).”
However, all of these other Civil War characters wouldn’t be the only one with the spotlight, Grant himself would gain the same merit that the other future generals had already gained through their scouting missions, in the form of an accident. During the Battle of Chapultepec, Grant, after storming and taking out a nearby mill of the city of Chapultepec would realize the defense of the wall nearest to the mill only having 3 armed defenders. SEIZING the opportunity, Grant would take what men he could muster and attack the defenders. Entering the city and further taking the bell tower of a Church, Grant would then implement an artillery piece on this bell tower. Upon the next morning with little more than a squad, Grant opened fire, its effects I’ll allow Grant explain himself: “The shots from our little gun DROPPED in upon the enemy and created great confusion. Why they did not send out a small party and capture us, I do not know. We had no infantry or other defenses besides our one gun. The effect of this gun upon the troops (The Mexican soldiers) was so marked that General Worth (the commander of Grant’s division) saw it from his position. He was so pleased that he sent a staff officer, Lieutenant Pemberton—later Lieutenant General commanding the defences of Vicksburg— to bring me to him (pg.72-3).”
Afterwards, Grant would then bring an extra gun to the church as demanded by General Worth, but didn’t use it at all as Grant believed “there was not enough room… did not use his gun (pg. 73).” Before long, the US had won the Battle of Chapultepec. And then a little later in the siege and taking of Mexico City, Grant would be promoted to his regiment’s quartermaster and in its aftermath, also proceed to observe the geography and sports of the Mexicans. Grant would see bull fights, dedicating an entire page about the mechanisms about it, to venturing to a volcano, Popocatepetl, with a bunch of his officer friends not too far away from Mexico City. Speaking of this volcano event, Grant would also mention how a mule fell into the volcano so inattentively and unconcerned that I find it humorous, to directly quote: “The mule rolled over and over until the bottom was reached… the load had protected the animal from serious injury (pg. 83).” These stories of miraculous survivals and random chances in both the events of Chapultepec and this donkey somehow surviving FALLING INTO A SOMEWHAT ACTIVE VOLCANO, is what makes history interesting and something worth learning about.
With victory in the Mexican-American War, Grant would then go back home to Ohio, got married, and moved to California for military duties. However, he would resign from the military as Grant never truly wanted to stay in it nor did he get enough pay. In fact, Grant always had the desire to leave the military and become a math teacher at West Point. However, he would instead work on less ambitious jobs, such as running his father’s business in Illinois. But, it would be here while he worked in Illinois, that the clogs of the United States would be disrupted by rising tensions between the South and North. Grant noticed this and then decided to sarcastically state the true reasons for this moment of civil unrest, “””...(the) protection of the divine institution of slavery (👎) (pg. 98).”””
Chapter III: Grant’s experiences with the Civil War
After a decade of working at his father’s business, Grant would be back on the field of battle once again after the Election of 1860 provoked the south to secede, expecting utmost a 90-day year, however, he would be thrown into a 5-year long one. Being literally the only notable figure in the town, Grant would give an arising and yet “embarrassing” speech. With almost every single man in the town signing up to fight for the Union cause, while women of the town would ask Grant for the uniform of the Union army and proceeded to get to work on making them for each and individual new recruit. This period of preparation before the brutal fighting in wars has always been interesting to me, and getting this insight from the perspective of the soon legendary Ulysses S. Grant is especially riveting even if this preparation goes as far as half of the page 104.
Note; This is the over half of the book mentioned previously, I will be majorly skipping over events in the hopes that you will personally go ahead and buy the book to read the true reason that most people who buy this book want to read, the Civil War itself.
It would be in the Civil War that Grant saw rapid promotion, in a span of 5 chapters, Grant would achieve the rank of Major General in the hostile state of Missouri. During this time in Missouri, Grant would finally get a chance to use his tactician skills, from shadowing the opponent Confederate forces in the region to the pyrrhic and yet successful Battle of Belmont. In which, despite being known as a Union defeat, Grant took it as a victory. This would be one of his key characteristics in the war, being logically optimistic.
With this initial victory at Belmont, Grant would then score BIG, nationwide, upon the Battle of Fort Donelson. In which, Grant successfully took the “anything but comforted over the prospects (pg.135)” Fort Donelson. It would be in this battle that we see his title of “Unconditional Surrender Grant” granted to him… and a life-long friendship with a steamboat officer who sent motivational letters to Grant through reinforcement and supply ships, this steamboat officer being William T. Sherman. With the victory at Fort Donelson, Grant would later participate in the later battles of the Mississippian Front of the war. From the Battle of Shiloh, the Battle of Corinth, and eventually to the centerpiece of his ANTICS in the Mississippi, the Campaign of Vicksburg. The Campaign of Vicksburg being the siege in which Grant’s own son would participate in and the one which sealed Union VICTORY in the Civil War through the dismantling of the supply depots from Far West to the Deep South (as the South got most of its consumable food from the Far West) and the completion of Scot’s Anaconda—plans made by Winfield Scot to surround the Confederacy and force them to submission.
However, these successes in the Mississippi Front would pale in comparison to his victories in the Eastern Front, the long standing stalemate between the North and South in between the lands of Washington DC and Richmond. It would be here that the aforementioned McClellan would be beaten to a PULP by Robert E. Lee, so much so that when Grant was listing all of the generals fired throughout the war, he would mainly point to McClellan’s failures upon an interview with President Lincoln. However, the North did win some luck after Lee was beaten by George Meade at the Battle of Gettysburg. And it would be under Grant that we would see the CRACKING of this stalemate between the North and South through Grant’s excellent—and yet brutal—tactics. Eventually defeating Robert E. Lee after a series of high action chapters, something I have to unfortunately skim over: Grant after being appointed Commander-In-Chief of the armed forces, would move against Lee. Using the sheer amount of Union soldiers compared to the Confederates’, Grant was able to push through whatever forces Lee brought against Grant. This allowed Grant to knock out Petersburg, the supply depot of Richmond. With Petersburg out, Lee then retreated from defending Richmond and went on loose with Grant hot on his heels. Grant would later corner Lee at Appomattox Courthouse, forcing his surrender. With the loss of the South’s greatest general, the rest of the Confederacy soon collapsed.
Conclusion
With the surrender of Lee and his army at Appomattox, Grant and Lee would talk about conditions. Grant, surprisingly, after fighting the Confederates for so long regarded Lee with the utmost respect. In fact, according to Grant himself “Our conversation grew so pleasant that I almost forgot the objective of our meeting (pg.466).” As afterall, the two were colleagues in the Mexican-American War. However, Grant would allow Lee and his battered and defeated army to be left on parole, marching his victorious army back to Washington DC.
So, what can we take away from this one incredibly long novel? It is long, just like the extensive military career of Ulysses S. Grant. His perspectives on the many historical events that he lived through and how he even made some of these historical events are very helpful in grasping the era that he lived in. So much so that it seems alien to me, like a 10-year-old going miles and miles away from their parents independently and exchanging horses? Not to mention the wealth of information about the differences between now and then, from school classes to how people traveled (I forgot to mention that the majority of Grant's travel after graduating from West Point was via steamboat up the Mississippi). This book is truly a gateway to understanding the politics, moods of many different Americans (take, for example, the people Grant met in Illinois while working for his father or his understanding of Robert E. Lee's possible disappointment with the outcome of the Civil War), and military operations of the United States during this time period. This book is perfect for both beginning (me) and advanced students of American history. I tell you, reading all 600 pages of this book is worth it, despite some parts being dull (I see this as a positive, as it shows the increasing tiredness of all involved in the Civil War, but still the drive by Grant to complete the novel), it is a primary source, it is closest you will get to the events of the period from the very eyes of one of the great people who defined the age. So, please buy this novel and read it. I promise you once again, it's worth it, you will view this period of American history in a new lens and maybe even in our modern day with so much has changed in a century and a half.
The majority of transparent camouflage is found underwater. Light scattering and absorption must be reduced in order for an organism to be transparent. Hemoglobin is a problem that most vertebrates overcome. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a pigment that is highly absorbent of both blue and green light. Hemoglobin in the circulatory system will make tissue appear opaque even if it is highly transparent. Some organisms have evolved to not produce any hemoglobin in order to get around this problem. Such as larval eels and ice fish.
The glass frog is a species of frog with muscles and skin that are transparent, allowing observers to see the inside of the animal. In order to avoid being seen by predators, transparency serves as a kind of camouflage. Glass frogs are arboreal and typically inhabit the underside of trees.
When they are awake, their tissue allows in 90 to 95% of visible light. Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni is a nocturnal species of frog. When Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni was asleep, it was discovered to have high transparency. A 34% to 61% increase in light. Optical spectroscopy confirmed that the increase in transparency is caused by a decrease in red blood cells.
Two photoacoustic microscopy systems were used to scan the entire frog for hours. When the glass frog sleeps, scientists discover a reduction of 80% to 90% of red blood cells in circulation. The liver held the majority of the red blood cells. When the frogs are active, they release red blood cells back into the circulatory system with no signs of clotting. Red blood cells in the liver were reduced by 83%. Around 60 minutes after the frog is exercised the frog’s transparency will turn back to normal.