引用他人資料時，常見的寫作手法有引述、改寫與摘寫三種。

1. 引述(Quote)：直接將他人文章中的文字放到自己的文章中。直接在文章中引用，通常會加上引號「」，並註明出處；若是在引號內再次引述，則須使用雙引號『』。

2. 改寫(Paraphrase)：用自己的話重新詮釋原資料。整理合併不同出處的文章，在不扭曲偏頗原作者的觀點之下，重現文章的意義與內涵，並能加上自己的說明，詮釋自身觀點。 

3. 摘要(Summary)：將比較長的一段話濃縮成一小段文字，簡化作者想傳遞的訊息。

不管是哪種方式，都需註明來源出處，一方面避免抄襲疑慮，另一方面也方便有興趣的讀者查找原文章。改寫和摘要在一開始可能不容易做到，但只要平常在閱讀時，練習將文章以簡短扼要的方式重新敘述，久了之後，改寫和摘要就會變得比較容易執行。

研究的過程中除了參考他人的資料，最重要的是加入自己的想法。嘗試著將自己的想法與參考資料結合，進行全新的解釋或推論。當你在閱讀文獻時可以問自己下列五個問題，這樣你會更知道要怎麼將不同的資料進行整理與摘要。在做文獻回顧時，也才不會只是呈現了來自不同出處的資料觀點，而看不出這些資料跟你的研究有什麼關聯。

1. 作者想表達什麼？

2. 我同意哪些部分？

3. 我不同意哪些部分？

4. 作者有漏了什麼？

5. 作者的文字對你的啟發是什麼？

When quoting other people's information, the three common writing techniques are quoting, paraphrasing and excerpting.

1. Quote: Directly placing the text from another person's article into one's own. In the text, direct quotes are typically enclosed in quotation marks '', and the source is cited. If quoting within a quote, double quotation marks""are used.

2. Paraphrasing: Rewriting the original material in one's own words. By organizing and combining articles from different sources, one can recreate the meaning and content of the original article without distorting the author's viewpoint, while also adding one's own explanations to interpret personal perspectives.

3. Summary: Condensing a longer passage into a brief paragraph, simplifying the message the author intends to convey.

Regardless of the method used, it is important to cite the source, not only to avoid plagiarism concerns but also to facilitate interested readers in locating the original article. While paraphrasing and summarizing may be challenging initially, regular practice of summarizing articles in a concise manner during reading will eventually make paraphrasing and summarizing easier to execute.

When quoting other people's information, the three common writing techniques are quoting, paraphrasing and excerpting.

In the process of research, besides referring to others' data, the most important aspect is to incorporate your own ideas. Try to integrate your own thoughts with the referenced data to develop new interpretations or inferences. When reading literature, you can ask yourself the following five questions, which will help you better organize and summarize different pieces of information. When doing a literature review, you will not just present data and opinions from different sources without seeing how these data are related to your research.

1. What was the author really trying to say?

2. What parts of the source do you agree with?

3. What parts of the source do you disagree with?

4. Did they leave anything out?

5. What does an author’s work lead you to say?

什麼時候引用？When to Cite?

• 引用的內容就是你在分析的文字。 Cite when you are directly quoting. 

• 引用才不會影響解讀，造成斷章取義。The quotation will not affect the interpretation and cause it to be taken out of context.

• 作者是特定的權威，他的言論很讓人信賴。The author is a specific authority.

引用分為兩種：

1. 文內引註(Citation)：在文章中列出頁碼、作者、參考文獻等，讓讀者可以對照到文末參考書目，知道文字來自於哪裡。

2. 參考文獻/參考書目(Bibliography/References)：在文章的最後列出所有參考資料

Most citations require two parts:

1. Citation: An indication within your text (usually author and publication date and maybe the page number from which you are quoting) that tells your reader where you have used something that needs a citation.

2. The full bibliographic citation on the Bibliography page or References page, or Works Cited page of your final product.

書目引用格式有很多種，每種格式在細節上有所不同，例如大小寫、標點符號、出版資訊的前後順序以及作者姓名是全名還縮寫。不同的學科領域有各自採用的引用格式，且每種格式可能會進行改版或更新。如果不確定要用哪種格式與版本，可以詢問指導老師或是確認比賽的規範。

常見樣式的書目格式有：

• APA格式：社會科學、心理學領域較常用，也是小論文採取的格式。可參考APA格式官網 、 教育資料與圖書館學期刊

• Chicago格式：文學、史學、哲學領域。可參考Chicago格式官網

• MLA格式：語言、文學、藝術領域。可參考MLA格式官網

• IEEE格式：資訊領域。可參考IEEE格式官網

There are over a dozen kinds of citation styles. While each style requires much of the same publication information to be included in a citation, the styles differ from each other in formatting details such as capitalization, punctuation, order of publication information, and whether the author’s name is given in full or abbreviated.

The image below shows bibliographic citations in four common styles. Notice that they contain information about who the author is, article title, journal title, publication year, and information about volume, issue, and pages. Notice also the small differences in punctuation, order of the elements, and formatting that do make a difference.

為什麼要引用來源？Why Cite Sources?

1. 避免抄襲/剽竊並保持學術誠信 To avoid plagiarism & maintain academic integrity

2. 感謝他人的付出與貢獻 To acknowledge the work of others

3. 提升你作品的可信度和權威性 To provide credibility to your work

4. 幫助其他研究人找到來源 To help other researchers easily locate sources

*更多學術倫理訊息請參考你也可以成為很棒的研究者－寫給高中生研究誠信小冊(學生版) 、 教育部臺灣學術倫理教育資源中心 

除了文章外，你也有機會引用別人的圖片、表格、影片或是音檔...等，這些資料也都要附上原始來源。依據現行的著作權法，著作的使用權利，全然保留於著作權人手中。任何「合理使用」之外的利用，使用者都要事先取得著作權人的授權，才可進行。有關著作權法可以參考經濟部智慧財產局的校園著作百寶箱。

創用CC透過四個授權要素的排列組合，提供了六種公眾授權條款。創作者可以挑選出最合適自己作品的授權條款，透過簡易的方式自行標示於其作品上， 將作品釋出給大眾使用。 

有關創用CC素材，可以參考CC台灣社群整理的素材網。更多創用CC的訊息，請參考CC台灣社群。

In addition to articles, you also have the opportunity to cite other people's pictures, tables, videos or audio files, etc. These materials must also be accompanied by their original sources. According to the current copyright law, the right to use the work is fully reserved in the hands of the copyright owner. For any use other than 'fair use', the user must obtain prior authorization from the copyright owner before proceeding. 

Creative Commons provides six public licensing terms through a combination of four licensing elements. Creators can choose the licensing terms that are most suitable for their works, mark them on their works in a simple way, and release the works to the public.For more information about Creative Commons, please refer to here.

參考來源

• Choosing and Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research 

• 全國高級中等學校圖書館輔導團「圖書館引導學生自主學習參考手冊」

• 教育部臺灣學術倫理教育資源中心 

• CC台灣社群