不論你是從Google等搜尋引擎找到的網路資料或是在圖書館找到的實體資料，都需要考量：作者的專業程度、提供此資訊的原因、內容品質和相關程度。CRAAP test是國外盛行的五項資料評估指標，可以幫助探究者更快找到適切的資料。你可以思考下列五個問題，來評估資料是否適用。

1. 資料跟我研究的問題有關嗎？

2. 作者專業嗎？

3. 資料內容正確嗎？

4. 作者為什麼要發佈這個資訊？

5. 資料是否是最新的資料嗎?？

記得要先評估相關性，因為如果和你要研究的問題不相關，即使可信度或準確性再怎麼高，對你來說也是無用的資料。

CRAAP is an acronym for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose. Use the CRAAP Test to evaluate your sources.

1. Relevance:  Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question

2. Authority: the source of the information

3. Accuracy: the reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content

4. Purpose: the reason the information exists

5. Currency: the timeliness of the information

研究的方法有很多種，問卷、訪談、觀察和實驗都只是最基本的，而問卷調查是最普遍的實證資料的蒐集方式。以下是較為常見的四種研究方法：

(1) 問卷調查

透過問卷，可以在最短的時間之內了解一群人對於某些事件或觀念的看法、意見或態度。問卷可依題型分為開放式、封閉式以及半封閉式，每種題型各自有優缺點，可以研究的目的來決定採用何種問卷題型。設計問卷時必須注意用語簡單明確、避免語意不清及誘導性的問題。設計出第一版的問卷後，先找少數人進行測試，根據測試結果評估是否進行問卷修改，最後才正式發放問卷蒐集資料。

詳細的問卷設計方法可以參考 問對問題找答案：調查方法與問卷設計、問卷調查法

There are many research methods. Questionnaires, interviews, observations and experiments are just the basic ones, and questionnaires are the most common method of collecting empirical data. The following are four common research methods:

(1) Survey

Through surveys, one can quickly understand a group's opinions, thoughts, or attitudes towards certain events or concepts. Surveys can be categorized into open-ended, closed-ended, and semi-closed-ended types, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of survey type should be determined by the research objectives. When designing a survey, it is important to use simple and clear language, avoiding ambiguous or leading questions. After designing the first version of the survey, it is advisable to test it with a small group of people and evaluate whether modifications are needed based on the test results before formally distributing the survey to collect data.

(2) 訪談

訪談法主要目的在於取得特定研究議題的研究資料。需經由預先訪談題目的規劃與設計，以深入訪談的方式獲取資料，經整理和分析，以達到對該研究主題資料蒐集。相對於問卷，訪談比較耗費時間。受訪者可以進行較為深入的說明，而研究者也可以廣為收納受訪者的意見與看法。訪談的優點在於訪問者與受訪者能彼此交流，可以從中獲得不少創新的看法或意見。不過受訪者良莠不齊，可能影響研究的可信度。想了解更多可以參考訪談法

(3) 觀察

從事觀察，最困難的部分莫過於觀察者必須要一面觀察、一面記錄。因此，如果透過觀察法進行資料蒐集，一定要事先準備好觀察紀錄表，了解觀察的重點與觀察的項目，這樣比較容易在觀察當時有效的記錄。此外，透過架設攝影機進行觀察的拍攝，也可以有效的協助觀察者事後再次觀察現場沒有注意到的發生事實。想了解更多可以參考觀察法

(4) 實驗

進行實驗法蒐集資料，必須包含實驗操弄與實證資料的蒐集方法等，實驗操弄要描述實驗地點、實驗設計與實驗過程。常見的實驗規劃，時間長度長則 2‐3 個月，短則 4‐6周，獲得實驗數據後，仍得審慎評估其是否為理想之資料。

(2) Interview

The purpose of interviews is primarily to obtain research data on specific research topics. It requires pre-planning and designing of interview topics to collect data through in-depth interviews, which are then organized and analyzed to gather information on the research topic. Compared to surveys, interviews are more time-consuming. Interviewees can provide more detailed explanations, and researchers can gather a wide range of opinions and views. The advantage of interviews lies in the exchange between the interviewer and interviewee, which can yield innovative perspectives or opinions. However, the quality of interviewees may vary, which could affect the credibility of the research. 

(3) Observation

The most challenging aspect of observation is that the observer must simultaneously observe and record. Therefore, when collecting data through observation, it is essential to prepare observation record sheets in advance, understand the focus and items of observation, which makes it easier to effectively record observations. Additionally, using cameras to record observations can help observers review events that were not noticed during the initial observation.

(4) Experiment

Conducting experiments to collect data involves manipulating experiments and collecting empirical data. Experiment manipulation should describe the experiment location, design, and process. Common experiment plans typically range from 2-3 months for longer durations to 4-6 weeks for shorter ones. After obtaining experimental data, it is important to carefully evaluate whether it meets the desired criteria.

參考來源

• Choosing and Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research 

• 全國高級中等學校圖書館輔導團「圖書館引導學生自主學習參考手冊」