Abstract

Iron deficiency is a widespread public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Tanzania. Mild-to-moderate iron deficiency can cause various health problems, including anemia, impaired cognitive function, decreased immunity, and fatigue. However, evidence suggests that mild iron deficiency may have certain benefits, especially in populations where infectious diseases are prevalent. In Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, where both infectious diseases and iron deficiency are prevalent, assessing the potential costs and benefits of mild-to-moderate iron deficiency is complex. On the one hand, iron deficiency anemia is a significant problem in the region and has been linked to poor health outcomes, particularly in children and pregnant women. Nonetheless, iron is essential for the growth and replication of many bacteria and parasites, so low iron levels may limit their ability to thrive in the body.