Osteology

• • Hyoid

    • Greater horns (cornu)

    • Lesser horns (cornu)

  • Mandible

    • Body

      • Alveolar arch

      • Submandibular fossa

      • Mental spines

      • Sublingual fossa

      • Mylohyoid line

      • Digastric fossa

      • Buccal shelf

    • Ramus

      • Mylohyoid groove

  • Maxilla & Mandible

    • Teeth

      • Incisors (central & lateral)

      • Canines

      • Premolars (first & second)

      • Molars (first, second, & third)

  • Sphenoid bone

    • Medial pterygoid plate

      • Hamulus

  • Temporal bone

    • Styloid process

  • Occipital bone

    • Pharyngeal tubercle

Oral cavity and sublingual space

• • Oral cavity proper

  • Oral vestibule

  • Gingiva

  • Sublingual gland

  • Submandibular gland (deep lobe)

    • Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct

  • Lingual n. (V3)

    • Submandibular ganglion

  • Hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

  • Vena comitans of hypoglossal n.

  • Lingual a.

Tongue & Associated Structures

• • External tongue

    • Body (presulcal part)

    • Root (postsulcal part)

    • Median sulcus (of tongue)

    • Filiform papillae

    • Fungiform papillae

    • Vallate papillae

    • Terminal sulcus (of tongue)

    • Foramen caecum

  • Lingual tonsil

  • Suprahyoid mm.

    • Digastric m., anterior belly

    • Mylohyoid m.

    • Geniohyoid m.

  • Extrinsic tongue mm.

    • Hyoglossus m.

    • Styloglossus m.

    • Genioglossus m.

  • Intrinsic tongue mm.

    • Superior longitudinal m.

    • Inferior longitudinal m.

    • Transverse m.

    • Vertical m.

  • Associated Structures

    • Lingual frenulum (frenulum of the tongue)

    • Sublingual fold

      • Openings of sublingual ducts

    • Sublingual caruncle

    • Fimbriated folds

    • Epiglottis

    • Epiglottic valleculae

    • Median glosso-epiglottic fold

    • Lateral glosso-epiglottic folds

Pharynx

• • Nasopharynx (margins: choanae - soft palate)

  • Oropharynx (margins: soft palate - superior margin of epiglottis & pharyngo-epiglottic folds)

    • Uvula

    • Root of tongue & lingual tonsil

  • Laryngopharynx (margins: superior margin of epiglottis & pharyngo-epiglottic folds - inferior margin of cricoid cartilage)

    • Epiglottis

    • Entrance to esophagus

Muscles of the pharynx

• • Stylopharyngeus m.

  • Superior pharyngeal constrictor m.

  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor m.

  • Inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.

    • Thyropharyngeal part

    • Cricopharyngeal part

Neurovascular structures of the pharynx

• • Pharyngeal (neural) plexus

    • Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

    • Vagus n. (CN X)

  • Ascending pharyngeal a. (br. of external carotid a.)