Osteology

• Ethmoid

  • Superior nasal concha

  • Middle nasal concha

  • Ethmoid bulla

  • Perpendicular plate

• Sphenoid

  • Pterygoid canal

  • Lateral pterygoid plates

• Vomer

• Palatine bone

  • Horizontal plate

  • Lesser palatine foramina

• Mandible

  • Body

    • Submandibular fossa

    • Mental spines

    • Sublingual fossa

    • Mylohyoid line

  • Ramus

    • Mylohyoid groove

• Maxilla

  • Alveolar foramina

  • Infra-orbital foramen

  • Incisive foramen

• Pterygomaxillary fissure

• Pterygopalatine fossa

• Teeth (Mandible & Maxilla)

  • Incisors (central and lateral)

  • Canines

  • Premolars (first and second)

  • Molars (first, second, third)

Arteries

• Lingual a.

• Maxillary a.

  • Infra-orbital a.

  • Descending palatine a.

    • Greater palatine a.

    • Lesser palatine a.

  • Sphenopalatine a.

Nerves

• Olfactory nn. (CN I)

• Maxillary n. (V2)

  • Infra-orbital n.

  • Greater palatine n.

  • Lesser palatine n.

  • Nasopalatine n.

• Pterygopalatine ganglion

• Mandibular n. (V3)

  • Lingual n.

• Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

• Hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

Muscles

• Palate

  • Levator veli palatini m.

  • Tensor veli palatini m.

  • Palatine aponeurosis

  • Palatoglossus m.

  • Palatopharyngeus m.

  • Musculus uvulae

• Tongue

  • Genioglossus m.

  • Palatoglossus m.

  • Hyoglossus m.

• Suprahyoid mm.

  • Digastric m. (anterior belly)

  • Mylohyoid m.

  • Geniohyoid m.

Oral cavity and sublingual space

• Oral cavity proper

• Oral vestibule

• Gingiva

• Sublingual gland

• Submandibular gland (deep lobe)

  • Submandibular (Wharton’s duct)

• Lingual n. (V3)

• Hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

• Lingual a.

Salivary Glands

• Sublingual gland

  • Sublingual fold

    • Openings of sublingual ducts

• Submandibular gland (deep lobe)

  • Submandibular (Wharton’s duct)

  • Sublingual caruncle (opening of submandibular duct)

• Parotid duct (opening)

Tongue Structures

• External features

  • Body (presulcal part)

  • Root (postsulcal part)

  • Median sulcus 

  • Terminal sulcus

  • Foramen caecum

  • Papilla

    • Filiform papillae

    • Fungiform papilla

    • Vallate papillae

• Associated structures

  • Lingual frenulum (frenulum of tongue)

  • Fimbriated folds

  • Epiglottis

  • Epiglottic valleculae

  • Median glosso-epiglottic fold

  • Lateral glosso-epiglottic folds

Lateral nasal wall

• Nares

• Nasal vestibule

• Choanae

• Superior nasal concha

• Superior nasal meatus

• Middle nasal concha

• Middle nasal meatus

  • Ethmoid bulla

  • Ethmoidal infundibulum

  • Semilunar hiatus

• Inferior nasal concha

• Inferior nasal meatus

Lymphatics

• Palatine tonsil

• Lingual tonsil

Miscellaneous

• Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

• Torus tubarius

  • Salpingopharyngeal arch

• Fauces

  • Palatoglossal arch

  • Palatopharyngeal arch