Respiratory & Urinary Lab Visit

The list includes all the structures you will see in lab and for which you may be tested on the lab practical. 

Most structures are linked to SketchFab XR resources demonstrating the structure and its relational anatomy. You may find it helpful to preview these structures prior to lab or review these structures after lab. You may scroll through the labels to learn more about the relevant anatomy. 

Respiratory system 

1. Upper respiratory tract

• Nasal cavity (Question: What type of epithelium lines most of the respiratory system?)

  • Superior nasal concha 

  • Middle nasal concha 

  • Inferior nasal concha 

• Nasopharynx:

  • Opening of auditory tube

  • Pharyngeal tonsil

• Oropharynx and Oral Cavity (Question: What are the boundaries between the naso- and oropharynx, the oro- and laryngopharynx?)

  • Uvula

  • Fauces

    • Palatine tonsils

    • Lingual tonsil

  • Epiglottic valleculae 

• Laryngopharynx (What is its relationship to the larynx?)

  • Laryngeal inlet

  • Entrance to esophagus

2. Larynx: (What is its relationship to the thyroid gland?)

• Epiglottis 

• Thyroid cartilage 

• Cricoid cartilage 

• Arytenoid cartilages 

• Ventricular (false vocal) folds 

• Vocal folds 

3. Trachea and bronchial tree

• Carina 

• Left and right main bronchi (primary bronchi) 

• Lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi) 

• Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi) 

4. Lungs: (What is their relationship to the heart and thoracic cavity?)

• Apex 

• Base 

Right lung: 

• Oblique and horizontal fissures 

• 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior 

• Hilum

Left lung: 

• Oblique fissure

• 2 lobes: superior and inferior

• Hilum

• Cardiac notch 

• Lingula 

5. Effects of smoking on lungs (Evidence of tar buildup, emphysema, or neoplasms?)

6. Muscles of Respiration

• Diaphragm (What is the relationship to the pericardium?)

• External intercostal mm. (Fibers run inferomedially – ‘hands in pockets’)

• Internal intercostal mm. (Fibers superomedially – ‘look at these nails!’)

Urinary System

7. Overview:

• Kidney (Location? Functions?) 

• Ureter 

• Urinary bladder 

8. Kidney gross morphology:

• Cortex 

• Arches

• Columns

• Medulla / pyramids (Location?)

• Papillae (Location?) 

• Renal sinus cavity: 

  • Perirenal fat 

  • Minor calices 

  • Major calices 

  • Renal pelvis 

9. Renal arteries and veins (What other structures relate to the renal aa. and vv. through vasculature?)

• Right renal a.

  • Segmental a.

• Accessory renal a. 

• Right renal v. 

• Left renal a.

• Left renal v. (Note the position of the superior mesenteric a.)

  • Left inferior phrenic v.

  • Left suprarenal v.

  • Left gonadal v.

10. Ureters (Location in relationship to other vessels? function?) 

• Urinary bladder (Location? Function?)

  • Apex

  • Superior surface

  • Fundus

    • • Trigone

        • Ureteric orifices

        • Ureteric crest

  • Neck

    • Internal urethral meatus

11. Urethra:

• Assigned Male At Birth (AMAB) urethra: 

  • Prostatic urethra, 

  • Membranous urethra, and 

  • Penile (spongy) urethra (Locations and relative lengths?)

  • External urethral meatus

• Assigned Female At Birth (AFAB) urethra

  • External urethral meatus 

• Urinary bladder 

• Uterus 

12. Renal pathologies and developmental abnormalities

• Polycystic kidney disease 

• Horseshoe kidney 

• Ectopic (pelvic) kidney