Video Slides

Osteology

• Scapula

  • Spine of scapula

• Humerus

  • Intertubercular sulcus

• Cranium

  • Occipital bone

    • External occipital protuberance

    • Superior nuchal line

• Vertebral levels

  • Cervical (7)

  • Thoracic (12)

  • Lumbar (5)

  • Sacral (5)

  • Coccygeal (4)

• Vertebrae

  • Vertebral body

  • Vertebral arch

    • Pedicles

    • Laminae

    • Transverse processes

    • Spinous process

    • Superior articular processes

    • Inferior articular processes

  • Intervertebral foramina

    • Superior vertebral notch

    • Inferior vertebral notch

  • Vertebral foramen (canal)

• Sacrum

  • Sacral hiatus

  • Anterior sacral foramina

  • Posterior sacral foramina

• Coccyx

• Ilium

  • Iliac crest

Characteristics of special vertebrae

• Atlas (C1)

• Axis (C2) (Note how C1 & C2 join together)

• Vertebra prominens (C7)

• Cervical vertebrae

  • Transverse foramina

Vertebral ligaments & joints

• Posterior longitudinal ligament

• Intervertebral discs

Meninges & Spaces

• Dura mater

  • Dural sac

  • Coccygeal ligament / Filum terminale externum

• Subdural space

• Arachnoid mater

• Subarachnoid space

• Pia mater

  • Denticulate ligaments

  • Filum terminale internum

Spinal cord

• Cervical enlargement 

• Lumbosacral enlargement 

• Conus medullaris 

• Grey matter

  • Anterior (ventral) horns

  • Lateral (intermediolateral nucleus = IML) horns

  • Posterior (dorsal) horns

• White matter

• Spinal n.

  • Dorsal root (& rootlets)

    • Dorsal root ganglion

  • Ventral root (& rootlets)

  • Cauda equina

  • Trunk

    • Dorsal primary ramus

    • Ventral primary ramus

Back muscles and related structures

• Trapezius m.

• Latissimus dorsi m.

Blood vessels

• Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

• Anterior spinal a. & vv.

• Posterior spinal aa. & vv.

Miscellaneous

• Epidural fat