Find these structures:
Stomach
Liver
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Note: The stomach is typically located in the left upper quadrant, whereas the liver spans both of the upper quadrants. The stomach often appears deflated in donors, and may be similar in caliber to the large intestine.
Note: The lesser omentum is composed of the continuous hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments.
Note: The hepatoduodenal ligament is located between the liver and the duodenum. The portal triad (bile duct, hepatic artery proper, and portal vein) is conducted through this ligament.
Find these structures:
Esophagus
Abdominal part
Stomach
Gastric folds (rugae)
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Pyloric sphincter
Note: The esophageal mucosa transitions into gastric mucosa around T11. This is referred to as the esophagogastric junction.
Note: The stomach has two distinct curvatures. The lesser curvature is superior, concave, and shorter. The greater curvature is inferior, convex, and longer.
Note: Gastric folds are most obvious around the greater curvature and the pyloric part.
Find these structures:
Liver
Diaphragmatic surface
Fissure for the ligamentum venosum
Ligamentum venosum
Visceral surface
Porta hepatis
Fissure for round ligament of liver
Round ligament of liver
Gallbladder
Note: There are two prominent anatomical lobes of the liver: a larger right lobe and smaller left lobe. To see the two accessory lobes (quadrate and caudate), an inferior view (visceral surface) is necessary. The quadrate lobe is more anteriorly positioned and next to the gallbladder and round ligament of the liver. The caudate lobe is more posteriorly positioned, comma-shaped, and lies between the inferior vena cava and ligamentum venosum.
Note: The remnants of the falciform ligament are present between the right and left lobes. The falciform ligament is a peritoneal reflection between the liver and the anterior abdominal wall, and to the inferior surface of the diaphragm (via the triangular ligaments). The falciform ligament contains the round ligament of the liver (the remnant of the umbilical vein). The round ligament of the liver sits in a fissure between the left lobe and quadrate lobe.
Note: The porta hepatis is a transverse fissure in the middle of the visceral surface of the liver. The porta hepatis transmits the neurovasculature and ducts of the visceral surface of the liver (hepatic arteries, hepatic portal vein, hepatic nerve plexus, lymphatics, and hepatic ducts).
Note: The ligamentum venosum and its fissure are located between the left lobe and caudate lobe. The ligamentum venosum is the remnant of ductus venosus (shunt between the inferior vena cava and the umbilical vein).
Note: The bare area of the liver is the posterior portion of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver, and is the only portion of the diaphragmatic surface not covered with visceral peritoneum.
Find these structures:
Biliary tract
Right hepatic duct
Left hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
(Common) bile duct
Note: The hepatoduodenal ligament is a portion of the lesser omentum that connects the liver to the duodenum. It contains the (common) bile duct, the hepatic portal v., and the hepatic artery proper.
Note: The biliary tract begins with the right and left hepatic ducts which drain bile from their associated functional lobes of the liver. The hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct. The cystic duct drains bile from the gallbladder, and joins the common hepatic duct to form the (common) bile duct.
Find this structure:
Spleen
Find these structures:
Celiac Trunk
Left gastric a.
Common hepatic a.
Hepatic artery proper
Right gastric a.
Right br.
Cystic a.
Left br.
Gastroduodenal a.
Right gastro-omental (-epiploic) a.
Gastric brs.
Omental brs.
Splenic a.
Splenic brs.
Short gastric aa.
Left gastro-omental (-epiploic) aa.
Gastric brs.
Omental brs.
Note: The celiac trunk branches from the abdominal aorta at approximately the level of T12-L1 intervertebral disc, or just inferior to the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm. The trunk is very short and almost immediately branches into L. gastric a., common hepatic a., and splenic a.
Note: The L. gastric a. anastomosis with the R. gastric a. along the lesser curvature of the stomach.
Note: The cystic a. typically branches from the right br. of the hepatic a. proper, but it may also arise directly from the hepatic a. proper. Infrequently, the cystic a. arises from other brs. of the celiac trunk. The cystic a. is most easily located within the hepatobiliary triangle - a triangular area with borders of the common hepatic duct, the cystic duct, and the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. The hepatobiliary triangle is frequently confused with the triangle of Calot - a triangular area with borders of the common hepatic duct, the cystic duct, and the cystic a.
Note: The gastroduodenal a. descends posterior to the junction between the stomach and duodenum. It has two major branches: superior pancreaticoduodenal a. and R. gastro-omental a.
Note: The large and tortuous splenic a. runs posterior to the superior portion of the pancreas. There are typically 4-5 short gastric aa., which will supply the fundus of the stomach. The L. gastro-omental a. supplies the left portion of the greater curvature of the stomach and anastomoses with the R. gastro-omental a.
Find these structures:
Hepatic portal v.
Inferior vena cava (DEMO)
Hepatic vv. (DEMO)
Note: Portal systems are vessels that link sets of capillary beds. The hepatic portal system is a venous portal system consisting of all veins that drain the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) from the abdominal esophagus to the superior rectum. These veins coalesce into the hepatic portal v. which delivers blood from the capillary beds of the GIT to capillary beds of the hepatic sinusoidal cells. As the hepatic portal system connects capillary beds, it is a separate system from the caval system (those veins which drain into the vena cavae). Blood from the hepatic sinusoidal cells is delivered back into the caval system via hepatic vv. draining into the inferior vena cava.
Note: The hepatic portal v. typically originates as a union of the superior mesenteric v. with the splenic v. in the transpyloric plane (approximately at L1), posterior to the neck of the pancreas. The hepatic portal v. ascends to the liver within the hepatoduodenal ligament with the common bile duct and the hepatic a. proper. These three elements are often referred to as the portal triad.
Note: Typically, three (left, middle, & right) hepatic vv. drain blood of the liver to the inferior vena cava. These may be found draining into the portion of the inferior vena cava that passes through the fissure of inferior vena cava of the liver.
Anterior vagal trunk
Posterior vagal trunk
Celiac plexus
Note: The celiac plexus is comprised of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. The sympathetic fibers originate from the greater and lesser splanchnic nn. The parasympathetic fibers originate from the posterior vagal trunk.